Adequate nutrition of a woman during pregnancy and breastfeeding plays a key role in the healthy course of pregnancy, growth and development of the fetus and child. During this period, the need for not only macronutrients, but also vitamins and minerals necessary for many metabolic processes, the formation of fetal tissue, maturation of the placenta and the restructuring of the mother’s body, increases significantly. However, the diet of many women is far from optimal: even with adequate nutrition, insufficient consumption of a number of micronutrients is often observed. Girls and women of childbearing age in general belong to the high-risk group for developing micronutrient deficiency, which makes this problem extremely relevant. Pregnant women have polyhypovitaminosis – a simultaneous deficiency of several vitamins. Below are the most common vitamin and mineral deficiencies in pregnant and lactating women in Russia and the world, as well as their impact on the fetus and child. The need for comprehensive nutritional support for women at the stages of pregnancy planning, gestation and lactation using balanced vitamin and mineral complexes to prevent pregnancy complications and ensure optimal development of offspring is substantiated.

A review of the literature in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases.
The purpose of the review is to characterize the provision of micronutrients to children in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan and measures to optimize it. An analysis of the literature showed that in the CIS countries there are the same problems regarding the provision of children with essential micronutrients. The diet of the majority of examined children contains insufficient levels of several micronutrients (vitamins D, group B, calcium, magnesium, etc.). The results of assessing the vitamin status of children based on in the blood or urine concentration of micronutrients show that in the listed countries the most common is a reduced level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D relative to the norm. Identified deficiencies, regardless of place of residence and season of the year, have the nature of multiple micronutrient insufficiency. The problem of multiple micronutrient deficiency, characteristic of the child population of the CIS countries, remains relevant and requires a solution. In Russia and Belarus there are no programs for mandatory fortification of consumer products with vitamins; in Kazakhstan, wheat flour is subject to fortification with micronutrients. The problem of iodine deficiency in Belarus was eliminated after 2013 through the use of iodized salt and fortification of food products. Throughout Russia, it is mandatory to use iodized salt for preparing meals in organized meals for children. The use of vitamin-mineral supplemеnts, the regulatory framework for the implementation of which is the same in all four countries, remains a realistic and effective way to optimize vitamin status.

Introduction. The article presents the results of a social and medical study conducted in 2025 based on the test methodology «Family audit of children’s health preservation», developed by the Institute’s staff in accordance with the Plan of the main events for holding the Year of the Family in the Russian Federation (item No. 77).
Aim. The purpose of the local study is to assess the level of health-preserving potential of families raising a child with disabilities and special needs and living in a municipal district.
Materials and methods. The main research method is a questionnaire survey of 110 parents with children (a child) with disabilities and special needs, and living in the Borovsky district of the Kaluga region.
Results. The levels (high, medium, low) of health-preserving potential of families raising a child with disabilities and special needs and living in the municipal district were identified.
Conclusion. Comparative analysis of data in each area makes it possible to determine priority risk factors for the health of children (child) in the family and to substantiate further necessary medical and preventive measures and give recommendations on the creation of hygienically optimal conditions for maintaining and strengthening the health of children (child) in the family.

Cell aging processes (senescence) in the development of cardiometabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), remain poorly understood. Research on the effect of dietary interventions on cell aging is of undoubted importance for scientific and practical medicine.
The purpose of the review was to assess the effect of dietary interventions on senescence processes in cardiometabolic diseases. Literature data were collected and analyzed using the RINTS, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords «senescence», «chronic noncommunicable diseases», «systemic chronic inflammation», «T2DM».
Results. Senescence has been shown to be a key factor in aging and contributes to tissue dysfunction and the development of many diseases. Dietary interventions with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects may become an important additional option for maintaining metabolic health during cellular aging and are of great interest in terms of prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases. Restriction of caloric intake, reduction of simple carbohydrates, inclusion of foods enriched with vitamins and minerals, polyphenolic compounds, and other strategies may provide additional information to deepen our understanding of the potential role of senescence in the development and progression of nutrition-related diseases.
Conclusions. The search for new strategies for dietary intervention. Cells that affect senescence processes play a key role in the development and progression of cardiometabolic diseases, which opens up broad prospects for influencing senescent cells, providing support for dietary interventions to achieve healthy longevity.

Aging is an inevitable process that includes an imbalance between antioxidant defenses and reactive oxygen species, changes in protein and mitochondrial turnover, telomere shortening, cellular senescence, epigenetic changes, and stem cell exhaustion. These conditions are associated with mild to moderate inflammation, which always accompanies the aging process and age-related diseases. The results of numerous studies indicate the existence of a complex biomolecular mechanism associated with age-related vascular dysfunction, which leads to oxidative stress, vascular remodeling, and endothelial dysfunction.

The article presents an overview of the results of scientific studies of the influence of alimentary factors on the formation of fascial tissues of a growing organism. The properties of various nutrients necessary for the normal functioning of connective tissue and its many functions are described, with an explanation of the supporting capabilities of nutrition and the possible load on tissues of the foot, the impact on the health of the body as a whole. An analysis of research presented in domestic and foreign publications is provided.

Wrestling is a highly competitive sport and therefore the development of ergogenic strategies to enhance athlete performance is necessary. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a recognised ergogenic agent not prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Code. It is relevant to study the effect of caffeine on performance parameters in combat sports and in wrestling.
Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of caffeine supplement on the characteristics of strength and power in freestyle wrestlers.
Materials and Methods. The pilot study followed a cross-over, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Five members of the Moscow freestyle wrestling team participated in the study. Participants took placebo and caffeine at a dosage of 3 mg/kg body weight 60 minutes before testing (handgrip strength test, countermovement jump, barbell bench press).
Results. Caffeine supplementation compared with placebo showed no statistically significant improvements in handgrip strength test (for both dominant and non-dominant hands), countermovement jump, and bench press. According to the survey results, none of the participants reported side effects due to caffeine supplementation.
Conclusions. A placebo-controlled study involving freestyle wrestlers showed that taking a caffeine supplement at a dosage of 3 mg/kg body weight does not lead to an improvement in strength and power indices.

The assessment of body fat mass is an essential component in the training system of athletes, playing a key role not only in the formation of training programs and the development of individual dietary recommendations, but also being the subject of scientific interest in disciplines such as sports anthropology, anatomy and sports medicine. Among the variety of existing methods for determining body composition, caliperometry continues to occupy a special position due to its simplicity, mobility and accessibility, which makes it an indispensable tool in the practice of sports professionals. However, the effectiveness of this method largely depends on the correctness of the applied predictive equations, the development of which is traditionally based on specific samples of subjects, which creates significant limitations when working with different categories of athletes. In this regard, further scientific research aimed at developing specialized equations that take into account the morphofunctional characteristics of representatives of various sports is of particular importance.
The main purpose of this review is to find, analyze, and select existing predictive equations for estimating body fat mass that would be maximally adapted to the characteristics of athletes of various specializations.

Undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) is a common hidden diagnosis at a cosmetologist and dermatologist appointment, which can affect the prognosis, choice of procedure and patient management tactics. Being a genetically determined disorder of connective tissue formation and manifested by polymorphic changes in the skin, joints, blood vessels and internal organs, UCTD has no clear diagnostic criteria, which complicates timely diagnostics. A particular problem is premature aging, which in patients with UCTD is ahead of biological age by an average of 8 years, and impaired full tissue reparation against the background of UCTD. These changes are due to impaired synthesis of collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans. Since UCTD is a genetic pathology, it cannot be completely eliminated, but an integrated approach, including diet therapy and correction of micronutrient deficiencies, can slow down the progression of dysplastic changes and improve reparative processes after hardware-based and injectable cosmetology procedures. This review examines key nutrients that affect connective tissue metabolism, as well as current data on the effectiveness of diet therapy and dietary supplements for UCTD.

The Waldeyer ring contains a complex and dynamic microbiome, the balance of which is of key importance for local and, possibly, systemic health. Various diseases of tonsils, such as recurrent palatine tonsillitis, adenoiditis, including with concomitant otitis media, are characterized by specific dysbiotic processes involving bacteria, fungi and viruses. Orally administered probiotics, especially such specific strains as Streptococcus salivarius K12 and some Lactobacillus species (e.g., L. rhamnosus GG, L. helveticus MIMLh5), demonstrate high potential in modulating the ecosystem of the lymphatic pharyngeal ring. Their mechanisms of action are multifaceted and include direct inhibition of pathogens by bacteriocins, competitive exclusion by adhesion and colonization of LHG surfaces, as well as complex modulation of local immune responses, cytokine production and increased IgA levels. The effectiveness of these interventions depends on the choice of optimal probiotic strains, dosages and delivery methods for various diseases associated with LHK.

The oral microbiome is a complex ecosystem that plays a key role in maintaining oral and overall health. Dysbiosis contributes to the development of common diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, and can alter the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases. Probiotics have become a promising therapeutic and preventive strategy, exerting their effect through various mechanisms. Clinical studies and meta-analyses indicate the potential benefit of a number of probiotic strains, but the effectiveness of probiotics depends on the specific strain, dosage, duration of use, and other factors.

This literature review presents current data on the role of prebiotic fibers in the regulation of gut microbiota composition, host metabolism, and immune homeostasis. Dietary fiber is not digested in the human gastrointestinal tract, but, entering the large intestine, serves as a prebiotic substrate for symbiotic microbiota. Today, there is no doubt about the important role of symbiotic microorganisms in the normal functioning of various systems of the human body. Particular emphasis is placed on short-chain fatty acids – the principal microbial fermentation products of dietary fibers – that serve as key mediators between symbiotic microbiota and host immune responses. The mechanisms by which these metabolites modulate immune cell populations, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and NK cells, are described, alongside their effects on intestinal barrier function and systemic immunity. Special focus is given to larch arabinogalactan, a well-studied natural polysaccharide with established prebiotic and immunomodulatory properties. Its structural characteristics, metabolic fate in the colon, biological activity, and clinical relevance are reviewed. The article also summarizes findings from Russian and international studies supporting the safety and efficacy of arabinogalactan and its potential applications in functional nutrition, preventive medicine, and pharmaceutical formulations.

NAFLD is becoming an increasingly common disease that affects more than 25% of adults worldwide. If specific examination for NAFLD is not performed, this condition usually proceeds asymptomatically until the development of severe and potentially irreversible liver failure. Since the initial stage of NAFLD has no clinical manifestations and is poorly diagnosed, and is more often manifested in women, the aim of our study was to identify some features of the component composition of the body and physiometric indicators characteristic of this group of patients.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global epidemic driven by unbalanced nutrition and physical inactivity. Body weight reduction by 5% and more improves insulin sensitivity, normalizes glycemia and reduces complication risks. However, patients with T2DM frequently demonstrate deficiencies in key vitamins (C, B-complex) and minerals (magnesium, zinc, chromium), which may exacerbate metabolic disorders and increase risk of complications. Addressing these micronutrient deficiencies through dietary fiber (inulin) and phytochemicals (Gymnema sylvestre) supplementation helps improve carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Optimal nutritional therapy should combine balanced diet, physical activity and personalized micronutrient support including multivitamin-multimineral complexes and phytonutrients.