The task of a healthy diet is to support the body’s resistance to adverse environmental factors and infectious agents, to provide the possibility of restoring health in case of somatic pathology and injuries. Given the growing number of people over working age in the Russian Federation, much attention should be paid to the nutrition of older people in order to maintain active longevity, physical and mental activity. Of great importance is the nutrition of a pregnant woman, since it affects not only the condition of the mother and fetus, but also programs the activity of metabolic processes in a child in adulthood. To individualize and optimize the nutrition of an individual, biologically active food supplements can be used, taking into account gender, age, level of physical activity and the physiological state of a person. Appointment and issuance of prescription forms for dietary supplements for food should not be carried out, because Dietary supplements are not medicines. However, dietary supplements should be recommended by doctors to healthy and sick people to optimize, correct and enrich the diet for the purpose of diet therapy and dietary prevention.

Under the conditions of economic and epidemiological cataclysms, the nutritional structure of the population is undergoing significant changes, therefore, at present, dietary supplements are increasingly in demand among consumers. Regular and targeted intake of supplements can solve many problems. With the help of dietary supplements, you can easily and quickly fill the deficiency of vital nutrients. They provide an excellent opportunity to individualize the nutrition of a particular person depending on his needs, determined not only by age, gender, energy costs, but also by the characteristics of the biochemical constitution of an individual, his biorhythms, physiological state. An analysis of scientific data in recent years has shown a significant contribution of dietary supplements to health promotion, prevention and treatment of many human diseases.

Dietary supplements are one of the tools for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and are an object created with the help of scientific and technological progress. In addition, the analysis of this market and its development trends will determine the attractiveness of this market for further work on it. The relevance of the article lies in obtaining new information about the development and prospects of dietary supplement markets and people’s interest in supporting the body in conditions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The transferred coronavirus infection causes stress and negatively affects the psycho-emotional health of people. Coronavirus is able to penetrate the central nervous system, affecting neurons and glial (auxiliary) cells. This is manifested by sudden mood swings, low self-control of behavior, panic attacks. Nutrition is an important determinant of the immune and neurological status of a person, while the insufficient content of micronutrients in the diet is the most common premorbid background for the development of pathological processes. All over the world, it is noted that it is impossible to compensate for vitamins and minerals with traditional foods. It may be appropriate to take vitamin-mineral and amino acid complexes, individual minor substances. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, also support the efficient functioning of the immune and nervous systems by providing anti-inflammatory effects.

The human gut microbiome responds dynamically to changes in diet, contributing to the diversity of the human diet. The composition of the diet can also influence the metabolic products that are ultimately present in the intestinal lumen and plasma. Observations in humans on vegan, omnivorous, or synthetic enteral diets deficient in fiber have demonstrated dramatic imbalances in the gut microbiome, accompanied by changes in carbohydrate and amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites. It has been established that diet plays a dominant role in the formation of interindividual variations in host-associated microbial communities. Given the impact of the microbial community on human health and its multiple mechanisms of action, establishing the impact of different dietary approaches and models is critical.

The ways of using modern digital resources as a tool for motivating and controlling proper nutrition in the choice of food products by schoolchildren are presented. The review provides literature sources for monitoring schoolchildren’s dietary preferences. Analyzed information platforms to raise students’ awareness of healthy eating. Digital technologies provide up-to-date information on healthy eating, healthy lifestyles and can help children and adolescents develop healthy eating habits and cultures. When using digital technologies, it is necessary to carry out educational work with children, with parents, and teachers. The results of the effectiveness of educational programs depend on a properly organized set of preventive measures using modern means of education and communication.

Intestinal microbiota (IM) plays in human organism a number of various functions including a participation in metabolic procecces, stimulation of immune function, competition with pathogenic flora, fermentation activity in colon. Microbial colonization of sterile gastrointestinal tract of newborn is based on several natural principles and depends on mode of delivery, vaginal and fecal flora of own mother, external factors (hospitalization, antibiotic therapy), and as well is regulated by breast feeding or bottle feeding. Besides that there is a proven difference between term and preterm newborn babies. Microbial community (so called Microbiome) of human milk with its complicated microbial society plays a key role in IM development, especially in combination with human milk oligosaccharides evolutionary connected with human intestinal microbiota development.

Undernutrition in children is an important problem of health care due to negative impact on the development of an organism and increase of global morbidity and mortality..

Objective. To assess the clinical manifestations and food intake of children with undernutrition.

Patients and methods. Four hundred and thirty-one children with undernutrition aged 1 month to 17 years and 11 months (the median of age is 7 [2.5; 13] years), boys – 238 (55.2 %), girls – 193 (44.8 %), were examined. All children underwent anthropometry using Z-Score values by WHO criteria (WHO Anthro and Anthro plus programs). Specialized centile tables were used with subsequent conversion of the obtained indicators into sigma deviations Z-Score in children with genetic syndromes. Undernutrition was registered in children with body mass index (BMI) by age Z-Score ≤ –1, the stunting was diagnosed with growth by age Z-Score ≤-2. Assessment of food intake at home was underwent in 199 children by recording and accounting for weighted food.

Results. Mild undernutrition was diagnosed in 175 (40.6 %) children, moderate – in 127 (29.5 %), severe – in 129 (29.9 %) children. Severe undernutrition (43.2 % and 38.9 %) was most often registered in the age groups of 11–14 years and 15–17 years. The stunting was observed in 116 (26.9 %) children. The onset of malnutrition was revealed in three-quarters of children before the age of 1 year. The analysis of food intake revealed hypocaloric diet in 153 (76.9 %) patients, normocaloric diet in 32 (16.1 %) and hypercaloric diet in 14 (7 %) patients. Deficiency of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake was registered in 38.7, 72.4, 78.4 % cases, respectively, by assessment of macronutrient composition of the diet in children with undernutrition.

Conclusion. Most children had mild undernutrition. Severe undernutrition was revealed significantly more often in patients of older age groups. Сhildren with undernutrition need early correction of the diet and appointment of nutritional support due to decrease in the energy intake in 76.9 % of children and the imbalance in macronutrients

In the dystrophic form of CEB (DEB), malnutrition is more often observed with prominent deficiency of micro- and macroelements, especially calcium and vitamin D, that can lead to rickets and osteoporosis with fractures.

Aim of the study. To study the features of mineral and bone metabolism in patients with DHE and evaluate the effectiveness of prescribing different doses of vitamin D.

Methods and mаterials. The study group included 71 children with DEB (girls 55 %, boys 45 %), the median age was 8.5 years [3.67; 11.92] and 5.75 years [3.13; 10.46], respectively. All patients underwent a complex laboratory and instrumental examination before and after 6 months of Cholecalciferol therapy.

Results. We found a high rate of vitamin D insufficiency (22.5 %) and deficiency (40 %), hypocalcemia of total calcium (40 %), a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) down to osteopenia (33.8 %) and osteoporosis (19.7 %). Osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx-1) levels in the group of patients with hypocalcemia were significantly lower than in the subgroup with normal levels of calcium (p=0.001 for OC, p=0.015 for CTx-1). Wasting of higher degree was noted in the group with hypocalcemia (p=0.001). 53.6 % of patients took Cholecalciferol irregularly (IU 1100 IU [700; 1500]), 35.2 % of patients constantly took the medicine (IU 2000 IU [1000; 3000]) (p = 0.021). After 6 months, normal levels of 25(OH)D were noted in 62 % of children; the levels of P1NP (p<0.001), phosphorus (p=0.012) decreased, and BMD improved (p=0.024). According to the plan developed in our study, with level of 25(OH)D ≤ 30 ng/ml, children aged 1–7 years old should be given at least 1500 IU; at 7–12 years – 2500 IU; at 12–18 years – 3000 IU.

Conclusion. To achieve optimal levels of vitamin D, calcium, and bone turnover markers in children with DEB, it is necessary to use a personalized approach for colecalciferol prescription.

Aim of the study. To investigate the frequency and clinical significance of detecting increased serum levels of IgE to food proteins, eosinophils (EOs) and mast cells (MCs) in colon biopsies in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in remission or with a low degree of activity.

Methods and materials. 165 children with IBD and 81 children of the control group were examined. The level of serum sIgE to cow’s milk and wheat was determined. To detect cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA), we used the questionnaire «Food Allergy» previously developed by us and validated on a group of patients with IBD. We performed the microscopy of histological preparations of the intestinal mucosa with counting of EOs and MCs.

Results. The frequency increased sIgE levels to CMP in children with CD was higher than in children with UC, but there were no differences in the frequency of sensitization in the comparison group of children without allergies and IBD. An increased number of MCs was present in 37.0 % of IBD patients: 37.9 % of children with CD and 35.3 % of children with UC. Intestinal eosinophilia was observed in 15.2 % of children with IBD: 10.3 % with CD and 23.5 % with UC. A correlation was found between the average number of MCs in the biopsy specimen and the questionnaire score sums, in UC, as well as between the average number of EOs in the biopsy specimen and the questionnaire score sums and between the average number of MCs in the biopsy and the questionnaire score sums. In patients with CD, there is a correlation between the average number of MCs in the biopsy and the questionnaire score sums. Differences at the trend level were found between the average values of MCs in intestinal biopsy specimens in children with IBD with and without FA.

Conclusion. The found correlation between the average number of MCs and EOs in the biopsy and the the questionnaire score sums shows that increased levels of intestinal MCs and EOs can be considered a diagnostic criterion for FA in patients with IBD with the presence of clinical data.

The idea of excluding animal products from the diet, affecting families with children, has become extremely popular, embodying fashion trends and belonging to a group of people with similar social orientations and lifestyle. In the situation of increasing prevalence of vegetarianism in the children’s population, there are no studies of lifestyle, style and conditions of raising children by vegetarian parents. At the same time, in practice, there is insufficient awareness of vegetarian parents in a field of adequate diet composition, as well as difficulties in compliance between specialists with vegetarian families.

The purpose of the study – to study the socio–psychological characteristics of a modern vegetarian family.

Materials and methods. An uncontrolled psychological and pedagogical examination of vegetarian families was conducted. 45 mother-child dyads were included in the study. We studied: psychological characteristics of the personality of the child and parents, reasons for choosing the type of nutrition, the style of upbringing of the child, beliefs about monitoring the health and treatment of the child.

Results. The normative variant of cognitive development was established in 15.9 % of vegetarian children, the delayed variant of cognitive development – in 72.7 % of children, the deviant variant of cognitive development – in 11.4 % of children. 52.3 % of vegetarian children can be attributed to a group with a low level of socio-psychological adaptability, 38.6 % of children – to a group with an average level of adaptability, 9.1 % of children had high indicators for this parameter. In 62.2 % of cases, there was a permissive parenting style, in 17.8 % of cases – an inconsistent parenting style, in 13.3 % – an authoritarian parenting style, in 6.7 % – a democratic (authoritative) parenting style.

Conclusion. The motive for choosing the concept of vegetarianism has a direct impact on the style of parenting and adherence to the recommendations of specialists. Parents do not focus on the individual, personal and psychological needs of the child when they choosing a diet and parenting style, but are guided by their own motives and beliefs regarding the lifestyle that they consider correct.

Objective: To determine the effect of personal diet on sports performance and competition results female handball players of the Major League and Super League.

Methods: The study involved athletes of the women’s handball team «LUCH» (Moscow), the major league (16–17 years old) – n=10 and the super league (17–36 years old)-n =16. Athletes are at the competitive stage of sports training. Qualification: Candidate Master of Sports, Master of Sports and Master of Sports of international class. Research methods: diet composition assessment, body composition assessment, assessment of physical performance, the quality of gaming assessment and athlete’s calorie consumption based on heart rate monitoring. The analysis of the relationship between the parameters of diet composition, of the quality of game actions and estimate VO2 capacity was carried out.

Results: Handball players have significant deviations in the diet composition from the established norms and identified calorie consumption. The key deviations are: lack of calories of the diet (14 %), lack of carbohydrates (24 %), lack of vitamins (30 %), lack of minerals (31 %), lack of fiber (46 %). A number of significant relationships were revealed between deviations in the quality of nutrition and assessments of the quality of game actions, and the results of a sports performance test.

Conclusions: The inclusion of a nutrition specialist in the work of a team is required for individual and group consultations, training events.

Nowadays, e-sports is becoming an important part of sports culture. National teams are being formed, tournaments are being held, e-sports has become an official sport, which implies the formation of standards for the training of e-sports athletes. However, the specifics of this sport raises questions regarding the provision of e-sports athletes with a sufficient level of motor activity and energy expenditure, since the preparation of representatives of this sport requires long-term sedentary work, there are great concerns about the metabolic health of e-sports athletes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the body composition of e-sports athletes and study their metabolic spending at rest, in a sitting position and in a sitting position during a gaming session.

Nutrition plays a critical role in health promotion and disease prevention, while nutrition-related factors are in many cases key risk factors contributing to morbidity and mortality. The “modern” diet is increasingly leading to health problems such as overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, some types of cancer, neurodegenerative and other diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) due to their positive effects on human health. This correlates with the ever-increasing demand for two omega-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA and DHA). Humans cannot synthesize omega-3 PUFAs de novo or produce them from their precursors in sufficient quantities. Thus, they must be obtained from food or means that allow you to adjust the diet of a person. Therefore, it is important to find sustainable ways to provide PUFAs to meet demand.

Currently vitamin K2 is one of the most popular micronutrients among both researchers and practitioners. In addition to its well-known role in the synthesis of coagulation factors, vitamin K2 regulates the deposition of calcium in bone and soft tissues, protecting against the development of osteoporosis and vascular calcification. In recent years, more and more data have been accumulated on its participation in the regulation of key physiological and pathological processes in the body, such as cell division and differentiation, carbohydrate metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. In this review, we analyze the sources of vitamin K2, the mechanisms of its action and influence on metabolism.

For the normal development of pregnancy, a sufficient amount of vitamin A is required. Retinol is involved in the formation of the skeleton of the fetus, provides renewal of epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes, is necessary for the growth and development of cells, so that the normalization of vitamin A levels in the body helps reduce the risk of birth defects. Vitamin A deficiency at the stage of intrauterine development creates the prerequisites for the formation of insulin resistance, sensorineural hearing loss, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, disorders of the structure and function of the kidneys in the postnatal period. Vitamin A is involved in many metabolic processes, having an anabolic effect, and its deficiency can lead to the development of fetal malnutrition. No increase in the risk of birth defects caused by vitamin A has been observed at doses below 3,000 mcg/day (10,000 IU/day) of this micronutrient. Postpartum supplementation of vitamin A-rich foods or supplemental sources of vitamin A to the mother’s diet may improve breast milk composition and the infant’s vitamin A stores. Vitamin A affects the metabolism of lipids, iron; its metabolism, in turn, depends on the availability of protein, zinc and other substances. The absorption of vitamin A requires the presence of fats, vitamin E and proteins. With a lack of any of these components, the absorption of vitamin A is reduced, even if the food is enriched with it.

Optimal nutrition is one of the main factors for a normal heart rhythm, which includes all essential macro- (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Numerous studies have found that magnesium is one of the key minerals for the cardiovascular system. Its deficiency in the diet increases the risk of developing cardiovascular accidents. Hypomagnesemia is associated with unstable electrical repolarization of the heart and contributes to sudden death in heart failure. Replenishment of magnesium deficiency in nutrition, diagnosis of hypomagnesemia, selection of magnesium preparations considering bioavailability are of great importance in the tactics of clinicians. The use of magnesium in complex therapy helps to reduce the risk of developing arrhythmias, including postoperative atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and arrhythmias in myocardial infarction.

A review of the existing literature on the problem in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, CyberLeninka, Pubmed, and ReserchGate databases. Structurally, βglucans are complex natural polysaccharides consisting of monomeric βD-glucose units covalently linked by glycosidic bonds in various positions. βGlucans are found in bacteria, algae, edible fungi (bodies and cultivated mycelium) and cereals. According to the source of origin, βglucans are classified into cereal and non-cereal. Grain-derived βglucans (oats, barley, wheat, and rice) typically have 1,3–1,4 glycosidic linkages with no 1,6-linkages or branches, while non-grain-derived βglucans (baker’s yeast, edible mushrooms, bacteria) have linear (1,3) chains with long branching chains 1,6. The functional properties of βglucans are determined by the length of the backbone (degree of polymerization), the ratio of bonds 1.3:1.4 or bonds 1.3:1.6 (degree of branching), branching interval, side chain size and molecular weight. Grain βglucans are classified as dietary fiber in terms of their properties and mechanism of action. The effective dose of cereal βglucans, which provides efficacy in metabolic disorders (glucose, cholesterol levels) and gastrointestinal functions, as well as a probiotic effect, is from 3 to 8 g (most often 4.5 g) with a duration of intake of at least 3 weeks. Non-cereal (predominantly from fungi and yeast) βglucans have a 1,3 and 1,6 bond structure and are recognized by several receptors including dectin 1, complement receptor 3 (CR 3) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) and have more pronounced immunomodulatory functions. The main mechanisms of their action have been established in vivo experiments or animal models. Non-cereal βglucans are used as adjuvants in drug therapy at doses ranging from 20 mg for the common cold to 750 mg for cancer. In accordance with the domestic legal framework governing the use of food ingredients in the production of dietary supplements and specialized food products, βglucans are not separated by their source of origin. The currently established adequate level of intake of these polysaccharides, regardless of the source of their receipt, is 200 mg/day, and the upper acceptable level is 1000 mg/day. An analysis of literature data indicates the need to differentiate βglucans and increase the permitted doses of cereal βglucans to the level established for soluble dietary fibers.

Currently, a large amount of experimental data has been accumulated, which confirm that the main component of turmeric, curcumin, has a high biological activity and a wide spectrum of action. Curcumin is used in the practice of clinical medicine as an effective anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, detoxifying and antiseptic agent. Based on numerous reviews of clinical studies, it seems possible to use this biologically active substance in therapy as a universal remedy for the prevention of the development and complex treatment of many pathological conditions.