The issues of optimizing the management of patients infected with Helicobacter pylori have remained relevant in clinical therapy and gastroenterology for many years. This is due both to the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in Russia: depending on the region, it is 35–60 %, and to the potential carcinogenicity of the microorganism in relation to the development of gastric cancer. According to clinical recommendations, when conducting an endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract, a rapid urease test with biopsy samples from the antrum and body of the stomach or histological examination of biopsies of the gastric mucosa may be recommended as a method of primary diagnosis of infection, and a 13C-urease breath test or determination of the antigen of a microorganism in feces is recommended as a non-invasive diagnostic. The use of rapid urease tests with selectivity for H. pylori, which do not respond to pH changes and to the urease of other urease producents. For non-invasive diagnostics, alternative ways of verifying the microbe can also be considered, for example, an ammonium breath test, when the level of CO₂ in the exhaled air is not determined, but the second metabolite of urea hydrolysis – ammonia.

The purpose of the study. The composition, metabolic and immune activity of the gut microbiota are important for the normal functioning not only of the intestine, but also of other organs and systems.
Materials and methods. The present review analysed the literature data on the relationship of gut microbiota in biliary tract diseases.
Results and conclusion. Changes in gut microbiota can cause not only changes in the system of digestive organs, but also affect the state of the organism as a whole.

Galactosemia is an orphan metabolic disease, the late diagnosis of which can lead to severe liver damage. A clinical case of galactosemia type I is presented. The disease manifested itself in the late neonatal period with vomiting, cholestatic liver damage, coagulopathy with hemorrhagic syndrome, and weight loss. A differential diagnosis was performed with necrotic enterocolitis and intestinal obstruction. The residual activity of the GALT enzyme corresponded to the biochemical variant, and did not correlate with the severe clinical picture. Against the background of lactose-free formula feeding, the child's condition improved. Genetic examination revealed two pathological mutations in the heterozygous state in exons 3 and 6 of the GALT gene. Catamnestic observation showed the formation of a delay in static-motor development in the child by the end of the first year of life.

The study of inflammatory bowel diseases is characterized by dynamism and new discoveries. The desire for personalized therapy for this category of patients urgently dictates the need to decipher the genetic architecture of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The completion of the human genome project was marked by the discovery of more than 240 genetic polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel diseases. Comparison of clinical and genetic features confirmed the existence of various clinical and genetic phenotypes of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, many risk options and shed light on key pathogenetic mechanisms. These include mechanisms of breakdowns in the innate immune system and autophagy processes, impaired lymphocyte differentiation and chemotaxis. The introduction of these provisions into clinical practice will not only improve the diagnostic process, but will also significantly contribute to personalized therapy.

Purpose of the study: to study the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in relation to the nature and characteristics of nutrition, the level of depression and anxiety, and quality of life (QOL) among young people.

Materials and methods: An anonymous online survey of 100 students was conducted to determine: dietary habits, presence of GI symptoms, level of anxiety, depression, QOL.

Results and discussion: the following GI manifestations were identified: dyspepsia syndrome – 45 %, heartburn – 25 %, belching – 20 %, flatulence – 60 %, diarrhea – 7 %, constipation – 12 %. The level of anxiety was increased in 48 % of students, depression in 18 % of students. Anxiety increases the chances of having dyspepsia syndrome by 3.5 (p = 0.008), belching symptoms by 3.2 times (p = 0.021), and heartburn by 2.6 times (p = 0.046). Depression increases the odds of having belching symptoms by 6.8 times (p = 0.022), constipation by 4.3 times (p = 0.026), and obesity in students by OR 3.5 (p = 0.040). Adequate fruit consumption reduces the odds of depression OR 0.4 (p = 0.0001); and fiber deficiency increases the chances of dyspepsia syndrome OR 4.7 (p = 0.013), eating prepared food increases the chances of dyspepsia syndrome (epigastric pain) OR 1.2 (p = 0.038). Students with HI symptoms showed a decrease in quality of life on the “physical pain” scale, associated with depression and anxiety.

Conclusions: it was found that anxiety is associated with the presence of dyspepsia (OR 3.5), belching (OR 3.2) and heartburn (OR 2.6), and depression with the presence of belching (OR 6.8), constipation (OR 4, 3), obesity (OR 3.5). Fiber deficiency and eating prepared foods increase the risk of dyspepsia syndrome (OR 4.7; OR 1.2, respectively). Students with GI symptoms showed a decrease in quality of life on the “physical pain” scale, associated with depression and anxiety.

The aim is to improve the scheme of restorative correction in the aftermath of surgical treatment of prostate adenoma based on an assessment of the state of the intestinal microbiota as a pathogenetic factor in the development of this pathology.

Materials аnd methods. The material contains data on the microbiological component in the aftermath of prostate adenoma surgery, obtained at the clinic of the Federal Bureau of Medical and Social Expertise for 2022–2024. In addition to traditional examination methods, the parameters of wall enzymes (maltase, invertase), the study of hormones of the small intestine, and the amount of microbiota of the colon were evaluated.

Results. The role of microbiota in the development of complications of surgical treatment of prostate adenoma is shown. The risk scale created by the authors for the consequences of operations for prostate adenoma should include indicators of the microbiota of the colon. The risk scale created by the authors, which measures the consequences of surgery for prostate adenoma, should include indicators of the microbiota of the colon. The postresection syndrome of surgical rehabilitation treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) described by the authors presents the role of microbiota in the development of complications of surgical treatment.

Conclusion. Microbiota is an important factor in the pathogenesis of complications of surgical treatment of prostate adenoma.

Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are a global disease of the 21st century. Psoriasis affects about 125 million people worldwide, it is one of the most common skin diseases and occurs in 2–3 % of the population of countries. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis are extraintestinal (systemic) manifestations of IBD, not associated with the activity of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. At the same time, the epidemiology of the relationship between IBD and psoriasis has not been sufficiently studied. We searched the Pubmed and Scopus databases for articles published before 01/25/2025 that examined the relationship between IBD and psoriasis. The results of epidemiological and clinical studies, their generalizations in systematic reviews and meta-analyses, indicate the presence of a bidirectional relationship between IBD and psoriasis. The mechanisms of the relationship include similar pathophysiological processes, including comparable immunopathogenic mechanisms (primarily the involvement of Th17, IL-17, IL-23 and TNF-α), common inflammatory pathways, common susceptibility loci and DNA polymorphism at the genetic level, dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome, intestinal permeability disorders, which play a key role in the development of IBD and psoriasis. In patients with psoriasis, consultation with a gastroenterologist is indicated in the presence of intestinal symptoms. When curating patients with IBD and psoriasis, interaction and close cooperation between a gastroenterologist and a dermatologist is advisable.