Ultrasound methods of radiation diagnostics are one of the main screening methods in the algorithm of management of patients with cerebrovascular disoders. As a rule, the results of examination of children are evaluated in literature either in small groups (up to 20 healthy children), or in accordance with the data of adult patients. There is also a comparison with the results of examination of patients from neurological hospital, represented by the “norm” (H. Bode, 1985–1986). However, blood flow parameters may not be the same in children aged 1 to 18 years and in older patients. And even small deviations can affect the physical and psycho-emotional development of the child and cause vascular catastrophes. Over the course of 25 years, more than 10,000 children aged 1 to 18 years have been examined. The main parameters of cerebral and extracerebral hemodynamics have been determined, TCD and ultrasound study protocols for children have been standardized.

The article presents the minimum equirements for the technique and methodology of performing standard EEG studies of wakefulness and EEG monitoring of sleep. It is based on the minimum standards for recording routine EEG and EEG sleep studies proposed by the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology and the International League against Epilepsy. The recommendations provide the main indications for conducting research, and provide the minimum necessary requirements for technical specifications. The protocols of activating probe performed in basic studies are described. The method of sleep deprivation in different age groups is recommended. The recommendations are addressed to physicians in functional diagnostics who perform EEG examinations, as well as to medical specialists who refer patients to these studies.

Post-traumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is one of the frequent consequences of severe traumatic brain injury, which complicate the recovery and rehabilitation of victims. Performing a bypass surgery is an important stage in the treatment of this category of patients. However, predicting its effectiveness, especially in patients in vegetative status and in a state of minimal manifestations of consciousness, causes significant difficulties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the informative value of EEG in patients with PTH accompanied by depression of consciousness as a preoperative predictor of the effectiveness of bypass surgery. Material and methods. In 27 patients with PTH and varying degrees of depression of consciousness (from coma to its minimal manifestations), the features of the EEG pattern and resting coherence indices before and after cerebrospinal fluid shunting operations were compared with the clinical outcome. Results. It was revealed that a certain EEG pattern (in the form of flattening, a combination of slow delta-theta oscillations with synchronized frequent activity in the absence of alpha rhythm, smoothness of interhemispheric and zonal differences) or specific coherence disorders (weakening of interhemispheric coherent connections to 30–40% of the norm and strengthening of two-sided intrahemispheric ones by more than one and a half times) are associated with the lowest bypass surgery. Conclusion. The informativeness of the preoperative EEG parameters used to assess the prospects of cerebrospinal fluid bypass surgery in patients with PTH is shown.

The article, considering international experience and the experience of our own research, provides an analysis of programs for stress ergometric testing of various sports (disciplines) with ECG and gas analysis in accordance with a submaximal or maximal (refusal to work) load protocol. It has been confirmed that stress testing in athletes is a universal method for assessing their level of physical performance (both general and specific), as well as a method for identifying a decrease in tolerance to physical activity as a precursor to the development of fatigue. Load testing plays a significant role in sports medicine: in assessing the current functional state of an athlete and tolerance of training/competition loads, in assessing the current ability of an athlete’s body to adapt to changing environmental conditions, as well as in the scientific search for predictors of the development of maladaptive processes.

In the modern world, the possibilities of cardiac surgery are expanding, which, along with the increase of the life expectancy of patients with prosthetic valves, intracardiac devices (ICD), degenerative heart valve diseases, increase the relevance of the problem of infective endocarditis (IE). Given the clinical significance of IE and the severity of its embolic complications, up to a fatal outcome, the use of optimal visualization methods comes to the fore. This review, based on a modern classification, presents the capabilities of first-line methods in the diagnosis of IE, namely, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TT and TE EchoCG). Both the main echographic signs of the disease and the ultrasound picture in a number of complications are discussed. Modern modified criteria for the diagnosis of IE are presented, including those incorporating data from visualization methods.

Background: еlectrocardiographic electrodes misplacement represents one of the most common recording technique errors. Aim: to compare the accuracy of an artificial intelligence software in recognizing misplacement of electrocardiographic electrodes with human analysis by medical experts. Materials and methods: the work was carried out in 3 stages: 1) two electrocardiography datasets with correctly and erroneously positioned electrodes were generated: the training sample (262 electrocardiograms of 27 patients) and the test sample (59 electrocardiograms of 6 patients); 2) artificial intelligence system was trained to correctly annotate electrodes misplacement; 3) testing an artificial intelligence and comparison of its results with the indicators of analysis by doctors-specialists in the field of cardiology. Results: compared to the doctors, the artificial intelligence algorithm functioned more precise and stable in recognizing incorrect electrodes positioning (area under ROC-curve: >0.81 vs 0.58). It also discriminated more error classes (5 of 9 vs. 3 of 9). Doctors and the artificial intelligence system The error classes that were shown to be better determined by the doctors differed from those that were better determined by the algorithm. Conclusion: according to the obtained results, the capability of recognizing incorrect electrode placement demonstrated by the artificial intelligence system is comparable to the diagnostic accuracy of medical analysis. In general, the algorithm’s operation is characterized by greater specificity and stability. It is advisable to improve the algorithm and conduct further research.

The article is dedicated to the 90^th anniversary of the birth of Professor Leonid Ivanovich Titomir, a prominent Russian scientist, specialist in theoretical electrocardiology, who for many years headed the laboratory of bioelectric information processing at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article highlights the life path of Professor L.I. Titomir, the range of his scientific interests. The main scientific results and achievements of the team led by him are reflected. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of L.I. Titomir to international scientific cooperation.