Objective. The aim of this article is to systematize the main information on the most common causes of dizziness and to present a diagnostic and treatment algorithm that can be used by doctors from various specialties.

 Materials and Methods. The article is presented as a narrative review and includes an analysis of contemporary scientific publications on dizziness.

 Results. Data on the most common causes of dizziness have been systematized. A diagnostic and treatment algorithm for dizziness is presented, which can be used by healthcare practitioners. Practical recommendations are provided for the examination and medical history collection of patients with dizziness. Information on a multimodal approach to patient management is also presented.

 Conclusions. The use of a clear algorithm optimizes the diagnosis and treatment of dizziness, thereby improving the quality of medical care.

 Perinatal pathology in children leads to cerebral hemodynamic disoders, long-term chronic hypoxia, that affects the developing brain of the child and manifests itself in the form of impaired speech, behavior and sleep. State of cerebral hemodynamics (asymmetry of blood flow velocity, vascular resistance) is investigated by non-invasive methods of ultrasound diagnostics, that justify the recommendation of therapy. We have evaluated the efficiency of transcranial microcurrent reflexology – non-drug method – in children with speech disoders according to the results of ultrasound methods.

Background. The similarity of tremor characteristics in patients with bruxism and muscular dystonia has been noticed in clinical practice. During a search in scientific databases, it was found that tremor in patients with bruxism is a topic of interest but little studied. It is similar to dystonia in its characteristics, this may be a confirmation of the long discussed hypothesis in scientific research that bruxism is a form of muscular dystonia.

Research objective. To analyze and compare the characteristics of tremor in patients with bruxism and focal dystonias.

Material and Methods. In a single-center open comparative clinical study on the basis of the Central Institute of Botulinum Therapy and Topical Neurology 60 people (10 % men; average age 38+/-15 years) participated. Of these, 30 were diagnosed with bruxism (group «bruxism») according to the criteria developed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), 30 were diagnosed with cervical dystonia (group «dystonia») according to Clinical Guideline #163 «Dystonia». All participants underwent tremorography, then the data were analyzed and the results were statistically processed.

Results. In the «bruxism group, 100 % of the subjects (30 patients) were found to have mandibular tremor: fine-spaced, low-amplitude, predominantly kinetic, asymmetric, irregular varied-frequency and varied-amplitude with tremor frequency averaging 5 Hz (from 2 to 9 Hz, most often 3–8 Hz). In 60 % of patients in this group, asymmetric postural-kinetic hand tremor was found, fine-spaced, low amplitude, with frequency peaks of 4.5–5.76 Hz and 10–12 Hz. A high coherence was found between mandibular tremor and hand tremor in patients with bruxism at 3.77–5.41 Hz). In the «dystonia» group, 100 % of subjects (30 patients) were found to have head tremor: fine-spaced, low-amplitude, predominantly kinetic, asymmetric, irregular varied-frequency and varied-amplitude tremor with an average frequency of 4.5 Hz (from 1.8 to 9 Hz, most often 2.5–7.5 Hz). Asymmetric postural-kinetic hand tremor was found in 66 % of patients, fine-spaced, low-amplitude, with frequency peaks of 3.5–5.16 Hz and 10–12 Hz. High coherence between head tremor and hand tremor was found in patients with dystonia at 3–5 Hz).

Conclusion. Comparison of neurophysiologic parameters of tremor tremor in bruxism and cervical dystonia revealed similarity of parameters, which may indicate the commonality of etiopathogenesis. The obtained data suggest that bruxism is a special form of muscular dystonia. The identified parameters require further study and can be used for early diagnosis of bruxism.

The aim of the study was to identify laboratory biomarkers of asthma that could be promising for research as diagnostic tools.

 Materials and methods. 52 patients with asthma and 59 patients in the control group without cognitive impairment were examined, in which the concentration of 103 potential biomarkers in blood plasma (111 people) and CSF (24 people) were studied.

 Results. Statistically significant differences (p<0.01) in plasma concentrations of 43 biomarkers were obtained in patients with asthma and the control group. In a correlation matrix reflecting the interactions between biomarkers in CSF (17 markers) and in blood plasma (13 markers).

Conclusion. Our results indicate a significant role of neuroinflammation, vascular pathology, angiogenesis, and BBB dysfunction in the pathological process occurring in asthma, which were previously confirmed by various researchers. Pathogenetically based plasma biomarkers associated with various links in the pathogenesis of asthma have been identified. Biomarkers of lipid metabolism, such as Apo-A1, Apo-CII in the peripheral bloodstream can be considered as indicators of the vascular-neurodegenerative process. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNa, IFNy, IL-15, IL-1a, IL-8, sTNFR-1, sTNFR-2, IL-12p70 (including its IL-12p40 subunit), IL-17a, sCD 40L, sgp130, IP10, endoglin) and anti-inflammatory biomarkers (G-CSF1, BMP9, complement C 4, D-dimer, EFG1, eotaxin, fractalkine, G-CSF, GM–CSF, GDF-15, IL-1RA, IL-4, MDC, MIP1 β, MIP4, P-selectin, PEDF, sCD 30, sICAM-1, sNCAM-1, sIL-2ra, sIL-4r, TGFa VEGF-C, alpha-1-antitrypsin) in blood plasma, they are promising candidates for future effective diagnostic laboratory biomarkers. The most promising biomarker seems to be interleukin 12 subunit 40 (IL-12p40), due to its increase in the plasma of patients with asthma in contrast to the control group and the greatest number of correlations of its plasma level with other biomarkers in CSF.

This article presents а case of inflammation of the right inferior rectus muscle of the eye (idiopathic in nature)

 The review article examines unusual situations from the point of view of traditional neuropsychiatry, when brain damage does not lead to an increase in the defect, but to its decrease or disappearance. Similar unusual and unexpected effects of cerebral lesions are observed in patients with different types of the disease. Special attention is paid to stroke and traumatic brain injury. The paper presents the results of studies showing a decrease in the severity of extrapyramidal disorders, pain syndromes, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and various kinds of addictions in patients after a stroke. Cases of regression of epileptic seizures and behavioral disorders after traumatic brain injury are also considered. It is emphasized that such unusual effects are based on the reorganization of cerebral connections with the activation of inhibitory mechanisms that normally  do not manifest themselves clinically, or with certain features of neuroplasticity processes occurring in pathological conditions.

Stereotypies are a non-specific manifestation of mental illnesses of various etiologies, without linking these manifestations to a specific disorder. It is important to note that non-pathological stereotypical actions may be natural for children of a certain age, being hypercompensatory or conditionally pathological actions. Today, stereotypes are presented as an early symptom or predictor of a mental disorder, which should be paid special attention to when diagnosing. The correct and timely definition of stereotypical behavior as pathological is important for the development of rational therapeutic measures at the initial stage of the manifestation of stereotypes. In this regard, the development of a clinical typology of stereotypes, taking into account their clinical and dynamic features, will have an impact on the dynamics and validity of the established diagnosis of the psychiatric code.

The expansion of indications for the use of valproic acid (VK) has been noted since the end of the 20th century. On the one hand, this is due to the pharmacodynamics of the drug and the favorable profile of its clinical action, and on the other hand, the emergence of modern dosage forms that determine the ease of use. By analogy with carbamazepine, the therapeutic activity of VK began to be studied in mental disorders. Along with the thymostabilizing effect similar to lithium, VK began to be used for the treatment of not only affective fluctuations, but also for the prevention of secondary exacerbations of endogenous progressive pathology of the schizophrenia spectrum. With the development of a concept based on the interaction of neural networks, in the absence of a primary effect on mediator homeostasis, the prospects for the use of VK in psychiatry are not limited to what has been said. Due to the emergence of a dosage form for parenteral administration, the prospects for the use of VK in the treatment of urgent conditions have significant prospects for application in psychiatric practice. Key words: valproic acid (VA), pharmacodynamics, neural networks, neuronal excitability, mental pathology, neurometabolic action.

Background. Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids is a genetically determined mutation of the CSF1R gene with changes in the white matter of the brain. The main tests in making a diagnosis are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and genetic testing.

 Сlinical Сase Description. We have described a clinical case of hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids in a woman, confirmed by genetic studies. The clinical picture was manifested by cognitive, affective, motor disorders, and convulsive syndrome.

 Conclusion. Hereditary leukoencephalopathies are relatively rare diseases, understanding their pathogenesis and clinical picture has significantly expanded knowledge about neurodegenerative diseases.

 The article summarizes information about the functional asymmetry of the brain and its relationship with the human chronotype. The necessity of taking into account the distribution of cerebral functions between the hemispheres of the brain is substantiated in order to increase labor productivity, learning efficiency and preserve human health.

 The article presents cases of epilepsy in 2 patients with a rare hereditary pathology associated with a chromosomal mutation – deletion of chromosome 14. The clinical observations we have described are of professional and scientific interest, as they relate to a rare neurological pathology. Increasing the awareness of doctors about this pathology will facilitate its timely diagnosis and treatment.