The relevance of the problem of HC is also related to the issues of etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, conservative and surgical treatment. To date, none of the many proposed methods of conservative and surgical treatment has one hundred percent effectiveness. According to literature data, there are no official epidemiological data at the federal level on the prevalence of chronic constipation in Russia. On the territory of the Russian Federation, the diagnosis is made according to the leading clinical disease, syndrome and/or symptom corresponding to ICD 10 – K59.0 – constipation. Modern scientific evidence suggests that the detection of metabolic disorders, chronic constipation, and microbiota disorders in a patient should be regarded as clinical and pathogenetic links of a single pathological process.

Several vaccines from SARS-COV-2 are used in Russia, which have successfully passed all the stages of testing and showed their effectiveness.

Purpose. The study was aimed to clarify the manifestations and course, severity of COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and unvaccinated patients.

Materials and methods. 62 patients treated in an infectious hospital with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were examined. When selecting groups, the pseudorandomization method was used. Clinical symptoms of the disease, anamnesis data, results of pulse oximetry, computed tomography of the chest, clinical blood analysis, transaminase levels and hemostasis indicators were found out in all the examined patients.

Results. The study showed that unvaccinated patients were hospitalized in a more serious condition, with significantly more pronounced volume of lung tissue damage and hypoxia. In the group of unvaccinated patients, there was a significantly higher incidence of liver damage and an increased risk of thrombosis. Unvaccinated patients had a significantly lower percentage of comorbid pathologies, and the vaccinated group was dominated by patients

Conclusions. Vaccination from coronavirus infection does not exclude the development of the disease, but significantly reduces the frequency of its severe course.

Despite the prolonged history of study of ulcerative colitis (UC) its precise aetiology is still unknown. Smoking impact on UC development has been revealed several decades ago and is being discussed due to the exact mechanism of tobacco smoke components to affect colonic mucosa hasn’t been discovered. Alcohol consumption role in UC development isn’t completely understood as well. Researches into the potential risk factors including pernicious habits are of interest as it allows the development of preventive measures and early diagnosis.

Objective. To evaluate the correlation between smoking, alcohol consumption and UC development in adult patients among West Siberia region population

Material and methods. It has been conducted a case-control study from 2017 to 2022. The case series and matched controls included 157 UC patients and 56 healthy respondents respectively. Information was obtained through a written questionnaire.

Results. Ulcerative colitis development odds in patients who quit smoking is 3.8 times higher. Disease debut in 48 % of patients occurred 5 or more years after quitting smoking. Extensive colitis was observed more often in patients with smoking history and left-sided colitis predominated in nonsmoking patients. There's no correlation between smoking history duration and UC distribution. Average amount of wine consumed in controls was almost three times higher than in UC patients.

Conclusions. Smoking is not only considered as a trigger that can potentially cause UC regardless the number of cigarettes. Extensive colitis has been observed more often in smoking patients and the ones who quit smoking. Wine consumption up to 20 ml per day may have a protective effect against UC.

The aim of the study. To determine the non-tossing capacity of neutrophils in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).

Materials and methods. Ten patients with UC (study group) were included in the study; the control group consisted of 22 healthy volunteers of comparable age to the study group. All patients with UC received treatment according to clinical guidelines. We determined the non-tumorforming ability of the isolated neutrophil fraction in vitro in both groups using an original technique developed by members of the authors' team (Invention Patent No. 2768152 C 1; dated 23.03.2022. Application No. 2021129097 dated 06.10.2021).

Results. In patients with UC, after 15 minutes of in vitro stimulation with probiotic, there was a statistically significant increase in early netosis cells (p < 0.010), cloud-like traps (p < 0.001) and filamentous NVLs (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Bacterial uptake rate by neutrophil traps in UC patients was statistically significantly lower than in controls (p < 0.010).

Conclusions. All identified features of neutrophils non-trapping capacity in UC patients may indicate changes in granulocyte reactivity, probably, under the influence of cytokines and/or due to therapeutic intervention. The neutrophil traps formed had fewer protective effects and probably more damaging effects. Studying the influence of the role of netosis on the course and prognosis of UC is a promising research area.

Currently, more than 1200 drugs of almost all pharmacological classes are known that can cause drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Antibacterial agents are responsible for almost half (45 %) of all DILI. In second place are psychotropic drugs and analgesics-antipyretics. And if DILI caused by antimicrobial drugs are unintentional and usually the result of an underestimation of drug pathology by doctors, then liver damage that occurs after taking psychotropic drugs or antipyretic analgesics, among which paracetamol stands out, is often the result of their deliberate use for suicidal purposes against the background of depression both in adults and in adolescents 12–17 years of age.

Relevance. Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeleton, which is characterized by a decrease in bone mass per unit volume and a violation of the microarchitectonics of bone tissue, which leads to an increase in bone fragility and an increased risk of fractures.

Target. The problems of comorbidity of osteoporosis and polypharmacy in the treatment of this disease are considered.

Materials and methods. On the basis of the Center for Osteoporosis of the Penza Institute for Postgraduate Medical Education, a branch of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Postgraduate Education of Russia, we conducted an open, prospective, randomized study of the comorbid status of age-related patients with osteoporosis in order to improve the diagnosis and pathogenetic therapy of the disease. More than 1400 women took part in the study.The results of a study of the comorbid status of age-related patients with osteoporosis are presented. The expediency of antiresorptive therapy in comorbid patients with osteoporosis is discussed.

Conclusions. The characteristics of osteoprotectors of a new generation based on the bioactive component of gonadotropic action are given, and the prospects of these agents in the implementation of a personalized approach in the treatment of osteoporosis, taking into account comorbidity and polypharmacy, are evaluated. Particular attention is paid to the problem of osteosarcopenia and its solution with the help of these osteoprotectors.

Relevance. The treatment and prophylaxis of urolithiasis are one of the urgent problems of modern medicine. In Russia in recent decades a tendency to the increase in urolithiasis prevalence has been noted, and the incidence of urolithiasis varies in different regions. This may be due to lifestyle features and chemical composition of water in different regions of the country.

The aim of the study. To analyze the chemical composition of concrements in patients treated for urolithiasis in the Stavropol Region.

Methods. Using infrared (IR) spectroscopy 565 concrements were studied. Analysis of the obtained data showed that calcium-oxalate stones were the most common (72.80 %), followed by urate stones (19.40 %) and then phosphate stones (6.09 %). Cystine (0.70 %) and xanthine type stones (0.17 %) are the least common.

Conclusions. The preventive measures aimed at restriction of the consumption of food containing high oxalates and purines, as well as use of water low in calcium and with alkaline reaction will decrease the incidence of urolithiasis at the regional level.