Studies of recent decades have convincingly shown that collagen in connective tissue plays not only a structural role. In the 80s of the XX centu[1]ry, A. Pishinger and H. Heine suggested the informative-regulatory role of collagen in the extracellular matrix (A. Pischinger, 1990). In recent years, the morphogenetic function of collagen has been actively studied, the implementation of which is possible due to the presence of collagen re[1]ceptors on the surface of various cell populations, such as platelets and fibroblasts. Collagen regulates the remodeling of the extracellular matrix (J. D. San Antonio et al., 2020). At the same time, its decay products, which stimulate growth by the negative feedback mechanism, are probably of great importance. In general, the relationship between the synthesis and breakdown of collagen is of fundamental importance for the regulation of connective tissue growth.

The prevalence of caries and its complications prioritizes the development of prevention and treatment of the early stages of the disease. The main direction of the prevention of carious process is remineralization. The DIAGNOdent pen was used to study the remineralizing ability of toothpastes from one manufacturer. The patients were randomly divided into two groups – study and control, 50 people in each group. Patients of the main group used toothpaste № 1 with a fluoride ion content of 1475 ppm. The participants in the control group used paste № 2 with a fluoride ion content of 1176 ppm. In the main group (paste No. 1) after 6 months, the reduction of caries was 30.6% (49), after 1 year – 46.0% (74) (p< 0.05). In the control group (paste No. 2) after 6 months, the reduction of caries was 9.9% (14), after 1 year – 25.4% (36) (p< 0.05).

The study determined the antiseptic activity of modern drugs in the form of liquids presented on the territory of the Russian Federation, drugs were used for long-term antiseptic treatment of the root canal system of teeth. The need to use these drugs is justified by the microbial insemination of the root channels and the presence of various branches at all levels of the root channel. Thus, the obtained results make it possible to state that the degree of antiseptic activity of the preparations depends on the exposure time. The study established the strong antiseptic effect of the drug Kresotin No. 2. As follows from the analysis of the above materials, the antiseptic activity of Pulpevit No. 2, Gwayafen forte, Camforfen showed minimal results with respect to the microflora of the experimental part of the study.

Relevance. The processes of osseointegration in the area of dental implant placement are accompanied by the development of reactions associ-ated with inflammation and activation of local immune processes in peri-implant tissues. Vitamin D preparations can have a significant local effect on the cells of the innate immune defense of the periodontal tissues.The aim of this work is to study the effectiveness of local application of vitamin D on the immune status of the peri-implant sulcus in rehabilitation of patients with partial secondary edentulous and chronic periodontitis by the method of dental implantation.

Materials and methods. Determination of the content of biomarkers (IL-1RA, MCP-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, sTNFR) in the crevicular fluid before the installation of implants and the peri-implantation furrow fluid was carried out by the method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using commercial kits «Vector Best» reagents after 3 and 6 months after surgery. The assessment of the state of the bone tissue was carried out using the Orthopantomograph tm OP300 apparatus (KAVO Dental, Germany). Vitamin D has been used topically at a therapeutic dosage.

Results. Vitamin D, by reducing Th-1 and Th-17 cell proliferation and differentiation, blocks the activity of the immune-inflammatory process that occurs during implant placement.

Conclusion. Application of colecalciferol in patients with moderate periodontitis leads to the activation of the production of immunoregulatory cyto-kines by the cellular structures of the peri-implantation furrow and can be used in combination with the traditional protocol in this category of patients.

Introduction: the article presents the results of the outcomes analysis of bone grafting for dental implants, review some technical and biological factors that caused the success in this oral surgery. Also describes the different types of the maxillary sinus floor, «micro-window» technique for sinus-lifting and local bone modifying. This current aims to evaluate clinical outcomes after various bone grafting techniques for dental implan-tation, as well as to analyze the biological success factors of these surgery.

Materials and methods: 134 bone grafting surgeries were performed - 23 men and 73 women. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the methods: Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR); Bone Block (BB) transplantation; micro-window Sinus-lifting (mwSL); Local Bone Modifying (LBM).Results: The operations of the GBR and BB together showed an unsuccessful result in 72.36% of cases, while the bad outcomes of the mwSL and LBM operations were 7.7%. The better results were in groups with mwSL (success in 97.5%) and LBM surgery (87.1%).

Conclusion: This demonstrates the clinical importance and effectiveness of various bone grafting methods. GBR and BB are less predictable in success, in contrast to mwSL and LBM, which we recommend. However, the factors affect the success of this surgery require further study.

The aim of the study: to find correlations in age-related characteristics of the localization and shape of the contact points in permanent posterior teeth and to develop a reference card for dentists, reflecting the age-related characteristics of the localization, shape and size of the contact areas of the posterior teeth in adults.

Materials and research methods. The linear dimensions, area, shape, vertical and horizontal position in the interdental space of 1224 contact points of the posterior teeth in 236 patients aged 20 to 59 years was assessed based on a comprehensive analysis of intraoral radiographs performed using the bitewing technique, the results of the study of contact points using floss, displaying contact points on dental impressions made using a special technique.

Research results. It was found that the interdental spaces of the posterior teeth in adult patients are characterized by the following features: the contact areas of the teeth are displaced in the vestibular direction, the buccal and lingual (palatal) interdental embrasures are asymmetric; dynamics of the depth of occlusal interdental embrasures, linear dimensions and area of contact areas is expressed as average digital values for different age groups: 20-40 years: contact areas – 1×2 mm, S = 2 mm2, depth of occlusal interdental embrasure - 1.5 mm ; over 40 years old: contact pads – 1.5×3 mm, S = 4.5 mm2, the depth of the occlusal interdental embrasure – 1.0 mm.

Conclusion. On the basis of the data obtained, a «Reference map of the localization of contact points and contact areas of posterior teeth in adult patients» was proposed, which allows a dentist to obtain data on the features of the topography of the contact areas of the posterior teeth, taking into account the patient’s age during planning and performing interproximal caries treatment.

The aim of the study: development and clinical testing of specialised dental instruments and a clinical protocol for the restoration of the age-re-lated characteristics of contact pads during caries treatment of the contact surfaces of posterior teeth applying aesthetic restoration using light-cured composite materials.

Materials and research methods. A contact-former of an original design and a medical-technological algorithm for the formation of contact areas of the posterior teeth, taking into account age characteristics, have been developed. A comprehensive assessment of the quality of 289 direct composite restorations of posterior teeth with Class 2 defects according to Black made during the treatment of dental caries in 178 pa-tients aged 20 to 59 years was performed. The condition of 162 composite restorations performed using contact-formers and 127 composite restorations performed using the traditional restoration technique, without the use of contact-formers and other similar tools and techniques.

Research results. The compliance of the restorations performed using the developed technique, according to the criteria for restoration of the contact surfaces of the teeth (4 points), was 98.3 ± 1.02% after 7 days after treatment, 92.5 ± 2.07% after 12 months, and 24 months after – 74.8 ± 3.41%. In the comparison groups, 16.3 ± 3.28% (p<0.005) restorations were fully consistent with the clinical requirements for this indicator (4 points) 7 days after treatment, 11.3 ± 2.81% (p<0.005) after 12 months, after 24 months this indicator decreased to 9.8 ± 2.64% (p<0.005).

Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to recommend the use of a contact-former of the original design and the method of restor-ing planar contact points (contact pads) taking into account age-related characteristics within the framework of a personalized approach in the treatment of patients with caries of the contact surfaces of posterior teeth by the method of direct aesthetic restoration with light-cured composite materials.

The effect of discrepancies between digital scans and conventional impressions on the clinical performance of a permanent restoration has not been fully understood.

Thirty patients received conventional impressions and digital scans of a single implant restoration. Two crowns were made for the same implant using both methods. The time taken for each procedure was recorded. After analyzing the accuracy and effectiveness of both crowns, the best one was placed. A questionnaire was conducted to assess the preferences and comfort when using crowns made by one method or another.The total time for the traditional impression technique was 15 minutes, while the time for the digital scanning technique was significantly less – 10 minutes.

The preparation time, including the disinfection of the silicone impressions, their transportation to the laboratory, the casting of the impressions, the hardening of the plaster, as well as the preparation of the model by the technician, was 4 hours for conventional impressions.The timing for sending the STL file and modeling the structure was less than 2 hours for the digital scan method. The production time of crowns takes 3 hours for both conventional impressions and digital ones.

Of all crowns selected for placement, 46.7% were made from conventional impressions and 53.3% from digital scans. Participants preferred the digital scanning technique (89%) over the traditional impression-taking technique (11%).

The data from this study suggest that digital scanning and CAD/CAM technology may be more effective and better accepted by study par-ticipants for a single implant restoration than conventional impressions and plaster casts.

A dentist needs special knowledge in odontology and odontoglyphics, which allows visualizing the space and relief of the tooth surface, as well as conducting an in-depth analysis of the individual morphometric characteristics of the tooth. Expansion of knowledge about the variability of the occlusal relief will allow achieving balanced occlusal-articulation relationships of the dentition and preserving the physiological state of the dentition. The article presents the results of odontoscopic and morphometric studies of vertical, transverse parameters of the upper large molars in patients with various physiological types of occlusion. The subject of the study was the segments of the upper molars obtained from plaster models of the jaws of 92 people with physiological occlusion, a full set of permanent teeth and various types of dental system (patients in group 1 – normodontism, patients in group 2 – macrodontism, patients in group 3 – microdontism). For morphometry in the transverse direction, the vestibular-lingual size of the crown and neck of the tooth, as well as the intertubercular distance, were used. To measure the vertical parameters, the height of the mesial (protocone, paracone) and distal (metacone, hypocone) odontomeres and tubercle of the occlusal surface was determined. The results of the study showed that in people with physiological occlusion and macrodontism of permanent teeth, vertical, transverse parameters exceed those of people with normodont and microdont types of the dental system. It is advisable to use the obtained odontometric features at the stages of diagnosing occlusal relationships and identifying various forms of pathological, physiological abrasion with varying degrees of loss of occlusal surfaces.

The purpose of work was the clinical laboratory research, identification of reaction of local immunity mucous a mouth, indicators of globulins fraction on carrying within 6 months of the removable orthodontic device from domestic light-cured polymer at children. Immunoglobulins of three classes IgM, IgG, IGA and calculated values of sIgA and sc (free secretory component) were investigated. Contents sekretorny IgA (sIgA) and a free secretory component (sc) is especially important. Results were estimated by V.V. Zverev’s technique et al. (2011) [6]. Results showed that immunoglobulins changed individually at each patient within one extent of dysbiotic disorders that is connected with an initial situation of a condition of oropharynx of the child which had no considerable fluctuations within one degree of a condition of a microbiota of a mucous oropharynx of the child. The bioinertness of Nolatek photopolymer in the form of basic material of the orthodontic device is established. Light-cured domestic nanostructural polymer has high quality of the operational properties in children’s practice of clinic of orthodontics conforming to modern requirements for bioinertness, an esthetics and functionality.

The article presents the results of clinical and microbiological studies and immunological features of the state of periodontal tissues in patients with moderate periodontitis, which developed as a complication of orthodontic treatment. It was found that at the later stages of orthodontic treatment with the development of periodontitis, a complex of persistent changes in the periodontal tissues at different levels of pathogen-esis was revealed in patients. In this connection, in order to plan the complex treatment of patients with periodontitis, which has developed as a complication of orthodontic treatment, and to predict the course of the disease, it is necessary to influence the established and mutually supportive links and indicators of pathogenesis.

Candidiasis is the most common mycosis. Оral candidiasis occurs in the form of stomatitis, including the so-called prosthetic stomatitis. Somewhat less often, fungi of the genus Candida are detected with gingivitis and periodontitis, manifestations of red lichen planus on the oral mucosa.

The purpose of the work: to analyze the results of mycological studies and determine the sensitivity of fungi isolated from the oral cavity in vari-ous oral pathologies to the main antimycotics, as well as the formation on this basis of an algorithm for antimycotic therapy of candidal lesions of the oral mucosa and periodontium.

Material and methods. The paper uses the results of studies of patients with candidiasis of the oral mucosa (127 patients), prosthetic stomatitis (136 patients), candida-associated periodontitis (168 patients). Primary inoculation was performed quantitatively on Sabouraud’s medium and duplicated on M1297 chromogenic medium (Himedia Labs, India).To study the biofilm formed on the oral mucosa, fixed preparations of gold-coated scrapings were prepared for scanning electron microscopy, which was performed using a Quanta 200 3D bi-beam microscope (USA). Sensitivity to antimycotics was assessed using the traditional method of disks.

The results of the study. When studying the species composition of yeast-like fungi isolated from the material, it was found that the species C. albicans was isolated in 80% of patients, in association with other species: C. Krusei, C. guilliermondii and C. glabrata. The second place was taken by the species C. Krusei, which was detected in 13.3% of patients. Representatives of this genus of yeast fungi are characterized by the formation of a biofilm with a pronounced mantle, which protects the microorganism from aggressive factors, including antimycotics and antiseptics. All the studied preparations showed fungicidal activity against these strains of yeast-like fungi. When registering the results, it was found that the most pronounced sensitivity of yeast-like fungi of this species was to drugs from the group of azole derivatives. The most pronounced antifungal activity was noted by us in voriconazole.

Conclusion. Based on the obtained data, an algorithm of systemic antimycotic therapy for oral candidiasis has been developed.

Transient bacteremia that occurs during invasive dental manipulations can lead to the development of severe complications in patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system, immunodeficiencies due to many factors, blood diseases, the presence of endoprostheses, etc. Antimi-crobial prevention of possible infectious-inflammatory complications of bacteremia in dentistry is an important task. The article provides data on the composition of normal oral microflora and its sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs. An algorithm for preventing complications of transient bacteremia in patients with risk factors is proposed.

Diseases of the circulatory system are one of the main causes of death and disability in the population. The high prevalence of conditions associ-ated with heart rhythm disturbances is due to associated conditions and concomitant diseases, and this cohort of persons, as a rule, is on lifelong pharmacotherapy. In accordance with clinical guidelines, anticoagulant therapy is indicated for patients with heart rhythm disturbances, which can often pose a risk of microcirculation disturbance. Inflammatory processes in the oral cavity lead to endothelial dysfunction and microcirculation disorders, which is one of the predictors in the development of hypertension, which is associated with rhythm disturbances.Due to the possibility of developing microcirculation disorders and the risk of bleeding, it is important for a dentist to understand the features of the management and treatment of these patients, as well as approaches to the prevention of exacerbations of dental diseases.

A special place in the methods of surgical treatment of bone fractures is occupied by transosseous osteosynthesis using external fixation devices of various designs.

Objective: to analyze the lower jaw exoskeleton in finite element programs.

Materials and research methods. During the research, 36 human lower jaws were involved from the museum of the Department of Oper-ative Surgery and Topographic Anatomy of the Volgograd State Medical University. They were scanned in 3D. All obtained images were loaded into a virtual scene reconstruction program. Fractures of the lower jaws in the corner area were modeled, an apparatus for external fixation of the lower jaw exoskeleton was installed, and the chewing load on the lower jaw was simulated. The place of application of the force was an area on a small fragment of a repositioned 3D model of the mandibular bone corresponding to the place of attachment of the masseter muscle. The evaluation of virtual studies was carried out according to the results of the stress-strain states of the bones and apparatus, the schedule of displacements of objects and the results of the analysis of the safety factor.

Research results and discussion. In the course of evaluating the virtual placement of the mini-fixator wires of the apparatus for external fixation of the lower jaw exoskeleton, it was revealed that the main load is applied to the mini-fixator wires on a large fragment and the bone in the area of the wires. For the possibility of precise positioning of the osteofixers of the external fixation device, a device for the safe installation of the spokes of the lower jaw exoskeleton was also developed.

Conclusion. Thus, on the basis of computer mathematical analysis, it can be argued that the developed design of the apparatus for external fixation of the lower jaw exoskeleton works under conditions of the maxillofacial region, performs reposition and fixation of bone fragments of the lower jaw under conditions of chewing functioning of the restored fracture of the lower jaw.

A special place in the methods of surgical treatment of bone fractures is occupied by transosseous osteosynthesis using external fixation devices.

The aim of the study is to develop a device for the safe spatial orientation of the wires of the extrafocal osteosynthesis apparatus.

Materials and methods. To develop a device for the spatial orientation of the external fixation spokes, a 3D model was designed with further reproduction on a 3D printer. The development of the device was carried out by placing the wires of the external fixation apparatus on 36 bones of the human lower jaw, on which a fracture in the angle was simulated.

Results and discussion. The device for the spatial orientation of the spokes of the external fixation device for the lower jaw exoselet is partially reproduced using a 3D printer, which allows individualizing the device parts at the stages of preparation for surgery.

Conclusions. Effect: control of the depth of immersion of osteofixers over the entire thickness of the bone and simplification of the choice of the optimal angle of mutual spatial orientation during their introduction and the greatest stable fixation of the fragments of the lower jaw during closed extrafocal osteosynthesis.

As a result of the study, it was found that the removal of dental plaque using low-frequency ultrasound and ozonized contact medium in chronic generalized catarrhal gingivitis of young people can significantly improve the state of microbiocenosis of the gingival sulcus. The preservation of the main resident species is noted, occasional transient species disappear and the frequency of isolation of aggressive representatives of beta-hemolytic streptococci and periodontopathogenic species decreases. When using ozonated water for the removal of dental deposits, the efficiency of eradication of the microbiota of the gingival sulcus, especially of representatives of aggressive species, is higher than when removing dental deposits without the use of ozonated water.