Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa is a precancerous condition, and prosthetic treatment for patients with this condition is associated with an increased risk of trauma and malignancy.

   Developing preventive measures for the prosthetic treatment of this patient population is a pressing issue.

   The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a developed preventive program for the prosthetic treatment of patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa.

   The study included 240 patients requiring removable and fixed prosthetics. The study group consisted of 127 patients with clinically and morphologically verified leukoplakia; the control group consisted of 113 patients without mucosal pathology. Patients in the study group received a developed program of preventive measures: debridement of leukoplakia lesions prior to prosthetic treatment, selection of atraumatic prosthetics, hygiene monitoring, and regular follow-up. Evaluation of effectiveness was carried out after 3, 6 and 12 months based on the following criteria: lesion area dynamics (planimetry), exacerbation frequency, and patient satisfaction. After 12 months, 84.3 % of patients in the main group demonstrated stabilization of the process (absence of lesion growth and appearance of new elements), 9.4 % showed a decrease in the lesion area, and 6.3 % showed a slight increase (associated with non-compliance with recommendations). In the control group (without leukoplakia), no complications associated with prosthetics were recorded. The exacerbation frequency (ulceration, appearance of new foci) in the main group was 7.1 % with adherence to preventive measures versus 18.5 % in the retrospective comparison group (p < 0.05). The developed set of preventive measures (sanitation of foci, atraumatic prosthetics, hygienic control, dispensary observation) allows to reliably reduce the risk of complications and ensure safe orthopedic treatment of patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa.

   Neumann’s tumor, or congenital epulis, is an extremely rare benign neoplasm, most commonly localized in the alveolar process of the maxilla and detected at birth.

   Objective: to analyze the results of surgical treatment of congenital epulis in the neonatal period.

   Materials and methods: this paper presents an analysis of data collected during the clinical diagnosis of congenital epulis and the results of surgical treatment performed in the early postnatal period (2–5 days after birth) due to prolonged bleeding. Morphological manifestations of dysembryogenesis were diagnosed in the mucoperiosteal layer of the alveolar process of the maxilla in two cases and in the alveolar ridge of the mandible in one case. Postoperatively, all material was sent for pathological examination.

   Results: in two cases, the neoplasm was diagnosed by obstetricians immediately after birth. Their concern was prompted by ongoing oral bleeding, with no apparent cause related to labor. Given the newborn’s agitation, the increasing risks associated with blood loss, and the inability to feed, consultants were called in. One newborn was diagnosed prenatally based on ultrasound screening at 37 weeks, revealing signs of a soft tissue mass in the left corner of the mouth. The final diagnosis was made after birth, based on intermittent oral bleeding. Given the risks of aspiration and anemia, radical excision of the mass was performed under general anesthesia using a Surgitron high-frequency radio wave scalpel (EMC High-Frequency Radio Wave Surgical Generator, Ellman USA) operating at 3.8 MHz, with immediate definitive hemostasis. The post-operative period was uneventful, and the patients were handed over to their mothers in satisfactory condition.

   Conclusions: early surgical intervention for ongoing bleeding from neoplasms in the oral cavity in newborns is an effective means of preventing predicted hemorrhagic complications, as well as a reliable method for their definitive cessation. The use of radio wave techniques facilitated definitive hemostasis, reduced the risk of aspiration, and the development of posthemorrhagic anemia. The absence of recorded postoperative complications, stable positive dynamics, and favorable clinical outcomes, with minimal rehabilitation time for newborns, indicate the feasibility of the presented algorithm.

   The aim of the study was to characterize the structure of newly formed bone tissue after implantation of the gene-activated osteoplastic material «Histograft».

   Materials and methods. The study included 20 patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis (ICD-10: K04.5) who underwent tooth extraction with Subsequent socket augmentation with the osteoplastic material «Histograft.» Six months later, a bone fragment was collected from all patients during the second stage of dental implantation for subsequent morphological examination.

   Results. It was established that the gene-activated osteoplastic material «Histograft» integrates well into bone tissue and promotes the formation of pronounced bone regeneration. In the 1^st group (with the use of the material), the proportion of newly formed bone tissue was about 65 % of the area of the histological section, while in the 2^nd group (healing under the clot) it was about 50 %.

   Conclusion. The use of Histograft material for socket augmentation after tooth extraction ensures the formation of bone tissue necessary for subsequent dental implantation.

   Background. Periodontitis and caries are diseases associated with multiple factors, in which genetic predisposition plays a significant role. AB0 blood groups and secretor status are considered potential markers, but data on their correlation with dental and periodontal diseases are contradictory.

   Objective. To conduct a detailed analysis of existing scientific data on the correlation between AB0 blood groups, secretor status, Rhesus factor, and various manifestations of periodontitis and caries.

   Materials and methods. To prepare the review, a search and analysis of scientific publications was conducted in the PubMed, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, and Google Scholar databases for the period from 1971 to 2025. The analysis included 30 studies devoted to the study of the relationship between ABO blood groups, secretory status, and Rh factor with the prevalence, severity, and pathogenetic mechanisms of periodontitis and caries.

   Results. It was found that the nature of the correlation depends on the type of disease and the characteristics of the population studied. Thus, chronic periodontitis is more likely to occur in people with blood type 0 (0), while aggressive periodontitis is more common in people with blood types A and B. In addition to the above data, AB0 secretor status must be taken into account. Due to the presence of AB0 secretor status, the concentration of cariogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans) in the oral cavity is 20-30 % lower. However, a similar relationship is not observed for periodontitis; however, the studies reviewed confirmed that the Rh factor of the blood type influences the likelihood of developing this disease.

   Conclusion. AB0 blood groups and secretory status are significant genetic factors in dental and periodontal diseases, but their influence depends on many factors, including ethnicity, immunology, microbiology, and others. This study demonstrated that blood group membership and AB0 secretory status must be considered when choosing a treatment method.

   Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is an extremely severe complication that occurs after taking bisphosphonates, particularly zoledronic acid. Many studies have shown that oral microorganisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis and development of the inflammatory process associated with this complication. Actinomycetes are frequently detected in bone samples from patients with this condition. This article analyzes the results of a microbiological study in patients with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws, comparing them to post-traumatic osteomyelitis and chronic odontogenic osteomyelitis. Data on the susceptibility of microorganisms to various antibacterial agents are also analyzed. It has been established that medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is characterized by a wide diversity of microorganisms, including Streptococcus viridans, Staphylococcus aureus, Actinomyces species, and a number of other representatives of the oral microflora. The microbial picture in drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws has features of both odontogenic and stomatogenic processes. The presence of actinomycetes likely aligns it with the odontogenic type. Due to the difficulties in culturing actinomycetes, preliminary microscopy to detect mycelium and pathohistological methods are preferred for their diagnosis. In drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws, Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics; second-generation fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin) have proven most effective. When Streptococcus viridans was detected in cultures from patients with drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws, penicillin and second- to fourth-generation cephalosporins, as well as doxycycline, were the most effective antibacterial agents. The presence of actinomycetes in the pathogenesis of drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaws has been confirmed and requires further study.

   This study is motivated by the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and the increasing demands for safe and effective prosthetic treatments for this patient population. Incorrect selection of materials can contribute to the development of diabetes-related complications, deterioration of denture tissues, and adversely affect the patient’s overall health, ultimately reducing quality of life and complicating treatment.

   The aim of this study is to identify specific criteria for selecting prosthetic materials for patients with diabetes, taking into account their allergenic safety and impact on denture tissues, as well as the overall health of the patients.

   A study of 87 patients was conducted, including both an analysis of published data and a clinical examination. The results revealed significant differences in the degree of inflammatory changes, the severity of hyperemia, edema, and the presence of microorganisms on the denture surface, which are directly related to the physiological properties of the materials and their interaction with oral tissues. This study demonstrates the need for personalized approaches to prosthetics in patients with diabetes, increasing the effectiveness and safety of dental interventions, as well as improving the prognosis for recovery and overall health of this patient group.

   This article presents the causes of tooth discoloration and identifies the most optimal methods for detecting changes in tooth color characteristics depending on the patient’s age. To develop a set of algorithms for personalized methods for determining tooth color characteristics, which will improve the quality of treatment and reduce its duration.

   Undoubtedly, the clinical success of dental surgical intervention is assessed not only by the elimination of the causative factor, but also by the speed, timing and characteristics of epithelialization of the wound surface. Wounds after laser surgery are bloodless, suture-free, and heal by secondary intention. A key factor is the careful combination of a proper surgical protocol and effective wound care. We compared two healing-accelerating treatments. We followed up 80 patients who underwent various laser procedures. A diode laser with different wave-lengths was used for laser intervention. Based on the study, an algorithm for postoperative wound care after laser surgery in patients with dental surgical pathology was developed and presented. The protocol includes detailed clinical recommendations for dental surgeons and patients, as well as a list of recommended medications.

   It was concluded that the collagen hydrogel «Emalan» is an effective means of accelerating the epithelialization process after laser intervention.

   The article is devoted to the analysis of indicators of the microcirculatory bed on the face, determined using a widely used non-invasive method – laser Doppler flowmetry. In a group of practically healthy volunteers aged 20–21 years, the parameters of the «norm» of microcirculation on the face in the lower (submandibular region and chin), middle (cheek region), and upper zones of the face (frontal region) were revealed. The parameters were recorded in the corresponding symmetrical «healthy» areas of the face, and the average values of the «norm» allow us to interpret the results of microcirculation disorders detected in various pathological processes.

   The study’s aim was to determine the clinical effectiveness of ultrasound therapy using water containing ozone dissolved in it in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. The study involved 100 patients who were diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. The average age of the patients was 47.3 ± 11.2 years. After removal of dental tartar and curettage of periodontal pockets, the patients were divided into two groups of 50 people in each group. In group 1 (the main group), 10 daily procedures were performed, lasting 2 minutes per jaw, with low-frequency ultrasound therapy (26.5 kHz) using ozonated water. In the second group, ultrasound therapy was not performed, but a 10-day course of daily applications of sterile gauze wipes soaked in water with dissolved ozone was prescribed. The patients were examined at four time intervals: before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment, and three and six months after treatment. The obtained data showed that combined effect of ultrasound therapy using water containing dissolved ozone was more effective in comparison with the use of wipes soaked in ozonated water in the treatment of moderate periodontitis, which is evidenced by the results of the index assessment of the periodontal condition.

   Objective. To assess the association between bone grafting procedures in the implant site and the incidence of early biological loss of dental implants (1.5–3 month window) based on data from the electronic clinical system IDENT for 2018–2025.

   Materials and мethods. Retrospective cohort study: 8203 patients, 24,975 implants. Exposure – presence of bone grafting (any type) at the time of implant placement; outcome – early biological implant loss within the interval of 1.5–3 months. All 574 events of early loss were included in the analysis. Frequencies were compared using 2×2 tables with calculation of RR and OR (95 % CI) and the χ² test.

   Results. Early loss with bone grafting was 1.15 % (97/8435) versus 2.88 % (477/16540) without bone grafting: RR = 0.40 (95 % CI 0.32–0.50), OR = 00.39 (95 % CI 0.31–0.49), p < 0.001. Absolute risk reduction – 1.73 p. p., NNT ≈ 58.

   Conclusion. Bone grafting procedures are associated with a lower incidence of early biological implant loss. Causal interpretation is limited by the retrospective design and incomplete covariates; standard errors were estimated with a correction for patient-level clustering.

   Research objective. To carry out a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of using composite materials Estelite ASTERIA and CHARISMA Diamond for the manufacture of reinforced composite splints in chronic generalized periodontitis.

  Materials and methods. Laboratory stage: 10 standard cylindrical samples 2 mm high and 5 mm in diameter made of Estelite ASTERIA and CHARISMA Diamond materials were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Clinicalstage: 40 patients with a diagnosis of moderate chronic generalized periodontitis K05.31 were treated, and they had I–II degree of tooth mobility. 19 patients in the first group received fixed reinforced composite splinting structures using invasive methods. The method involved placing the liquid composite reinforcement in grooves pre-formed in the hard tissues of the teeth, followed by covering it with a 2 mm layer of Estelite ASTERIA composite material. In the second group, similar structures were made using CHARISMA Diamond material. The patients were monitored for 6 and 12 months, and their шина integrity and aesthetics were evaluated. A SEM study was conducted on the fractured composite material after 12 months of use of the reinforced composite tires.

   Results. A comparative assessment of the condition of reinforced composite tires made of the two materials under study revealed a tendency 12 months after their manufacture to exceed the percentage of cracks (26.3 ± 10.4 and 9.5 ± 6.6 %, respectively, p > 0.05) and chips (15.8 ± 8.6 and 4.8 ± 4.8 %, respectively, p > 0.05) of the composite tire structures in patients of group 1 compared with group 2, and after 18 months there were significant differences between the groups in the number of cracks (57.9 ± 11.6 and 23.8 ± 9.5 %, respectively, p < 0.05).

   Conclusions. Based on the analysis of the results of the laboratory and clinical stages of the study, it can be concluded that the use of the CHARISMA Diamond composite for the production of reinforced composite splints in chronic generalized periodontitis is more appropriate than the use of the Estelite ASTERIA material, due to the lower number of cracks and chips in the structure and the later occurrence of these defects.

   The most severe form of destructive periodontal changes of inflammatory origin is rapidly progressive periodontitis, which is characterized by aggressive loss of jaw bone tissue, while the severity of inflammatory changes in the soft tissues does not correlate with the rate of bone loss.

   At an early stage, it is quite difficult for clinicians to differentiate between the aggressive course of the disease and the traditional chronic form. In this regard, a study dedicated to the issue of differentiating between the rapidly progressive course of chronic periodontitis and its typical manifestation is relevant.

   Objective: to identify differential diagnostic criteria that allow distinguishing rapidly progressing periodontitis from typical inflammatory-destructive processes in the periodontium in young patients.

   Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 60 medical records of dental patients (Form No. 043/u) aged 18 to 30 years, including 20 patients with a diagnosis of «chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity» (Group 2), 20 patients with a similar diagnosis with a rapidly progressive course (Group 3), and 20 patients treated for caries and its complications without clinical signs of periodontitis (Group 1). The study compared the duration of the disease, the frequency of exacerbations, the duration of remission, the presence of concomitant pathology, the values of clinical indices (I. Silness-Loe, I. Russel, I. Muhlemann), tooth mobility (Miller S. C. modified by Flezar), and the depth of periodontal pockets.

   The study results. The differential diagnostic criteria that allow distinguishing rapidly progressive periodontitis from typical inflammatory-destructive processes in the periodontium include a younger age (24 ± 2.3 years) of the disease manifestation, short periods of remission (2.9 ± 0.6 months), the presence of concomitant pathology of the gastrointestinal tract and endocrine system, the values of the periodontal index (3.24 ± 0.5), the depth of periodontal pockets (4.7 ± 0.4 mm) and tooth mobility (1.62 ± 0.3).

   Conclusion. The obtained results can serve as a reference point in determining the course of chronic periodontitis and provide a personalized approach to diagnosis and targeted therapy.

   Oral mucosa pathologies (OMP) represent one of the most challenging groups of diseases to diagnose, characterized by polymorphic manifestations. The development and implementation of a digital machine vision algorithm for diagnosing oral mucosa diseases is a relevant direction for improving the quality and efficiency of diagnostics in modern dentistry.

   Aim: to conduct a prospective collection and structuring of images with annotation of oral mucosa pathological lesions, integrate the dataset into a digital machine vision model, and train a clinical decision support system.

   Material and methods: the study used: the United Medical Knowledge Base (UMKB), a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS), patients with and without oral mucosa diseases, photography equipment, prospective images of pathological conditions and normal states, annotation of pathological lesions.

   Results: the conducted work demonstrated the system’s effectiveness in identifying pathological lesions from oral mucosa images at 84 %, and the accuracy of nosology identification based on the list of pathological signs ranged from 90 to 95 %. This confirms the potential to improve the diagnostic efficiency of oral mucosa diseases using an intelligent CDSS in clinical practice.

  Conclusions: a prospective collection and structuring of images was carried out, with annotation of files across 15 categories of oral mucosa lesions into a digital machine vision model. This was followed by the additional training of a CDSS, achieving an efficiency of 84 % and a testing accuracy for determining nosology of 90–95 %.

   In our work, we evaluated the effect of low-frequency ultrasound therapy (LF ultrasound) in combination with ozonated water on the quantitative and qualitative composition of subgingival microbiocenosis in patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP) of moderate severity compared with monotherapy with ozonated water.

   Materials and methods. The study included 100 patients with a diagnosis of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity. After the basic therapy, the patients were randomly divided into two groups of 50 people. In the main group, after basic therapy, a course of low-frequency ultrasound was performed through sterile gauze wipes soaked in ozonated distilled water. In the control group, 10 static applications of similar wipes with ozonated water were performed without ultrasonic exposure. Subgingival material was removed with sterile paper pins from periodontal pockets at three time points: before the start of treatment (T0), 2 weeks after completion of the course (T1) and 3 months after treatment (T2).

   Results. In the main group by T1, the total microbial number (PMF) decreased to 4.8 ± 0.5 lg CFU/ml (reduction ≈ 3.8 lg; p < 0.001). By T2, there was a moderate increase in these indicators compared to T1, but they remained significantly lower than the initial ones.

   Conclusion. The combination of low-frequency ultrasound with ozonated water provides deeper and more stable sanitation of subgingival biofilms compared with monotherapy with ozonated water, which is accompanied by a pronounced reduction of periodontal pathogens and Candida spp. while simultaneously restoring the resident and stabilizing microflora. The data obtained indicate the transition of the subgingival biocenosis from severe dysbiosis to a state of relative eubiosis and substantiate the use of a combination of low-frequency ultrasound and ozonated water as an eubiotic-oriented antibiotic-film approach in the treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity.

   The adaptation of the oral mucosa to vestibular braces is a relevant issue in modern orthodontics. The study’s results demonstrated that the use of topical anesthetic gels is an effective and statistically proven strategy for pain relief at the early stage after brace installation facilitating adaptation and improving the patient’s quality of life. These findings support their inclusion in standard orthodontic treatment protocols.

   Periodontitis is the most common disease worldwide, however, currently the frequency of its rapidly progressive form is increasing. The initiation and progression of periodontal destruction is determined, on the one hand, by the virulence of microorganisms, and, on the other, by the patient’s immune status.

   The dentist’s task is to detect progressive bone loss early, followed by its pathogenetic treatment. Unfortunately, conducting a clinical examination does not fully reflect the ongoing pathophysiological processes in periodontal tissue.

   It is necessary to evaluate microcirculatory disorders, which causes a number of difficulties for clinicians due to many factors.

   The purpose of this study was to conduct a correlation analysis of microcirculatory changes and the severity of the periodontal inflammatory process.

   79 people with rapidly progressing periodontitis participated in the examination. The performed statistical analysis revealed a direct relationship between the degree of the inflammatory process and the degree of microcirculation insufficiency. With a mild inflammatory process, compensated disorders are observed, with moderate severity, persistent hemodynamic disorders. The inflammatory process in periodontitis is a consequence of the waste products of microorganisms, namely bacterial infection. A number of factors play a role in the development of periodontal diseases, but the main etiological factor is the microflora that colonizes on the tooth surface. However, it has been proven that there is a direct two-way relationship between systemic diseases and the condition of periodontal tissues. Both systemic diseases can cause the development of periodontal diseases, and vice versa, pathological processes in periodontal tissues can initiate the launch of a general somatic pathology.

   Background. The overall prevalence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is 40–70 % of the global population, according to the World Health Organization. Limited mouth opening as a symptom of TMJ dysfunction remains one of the most significant in modern dental practice. Digital technologies offer new opportunities for accurate functional diagnostics and treatment planning.

   Objective. To present a clinical observation and evaluate the effectiveness of digital diagnostic and treatment methods in a patient with acute TMJ dysfunction that developed following a prolonged third molar extraction.

   Materials and methods. A 26-year-old patient was treated. His medical history included a prolonged extraction of a lower right third molar, followed by several years of discomfort in the right TMJ region. The acute condition was triggered by wide mouth opening (yawning), which resulted in blocked jaw movement, pain, and spasm of the masticatory muscles. The clinic implemented a comprehensive set of treatment and diagnostic procedures using digital methods: digital jaw impressions, functional diagnostics, determination of the optimal mandibular position with verification of the position of the condylar heads using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), orthodontic treatment, and subsequent permanent prosthetics.

   Results. The developed digital diagnostic algorithm enabled timely identification of the causes of TMJ dysfunction, continuous monitoring of treatment progress, and determination of the optimal strategy tailored to the individual patient’s needs. Following treatment, pain relief, increased mouth opening range, and normalization of masticatory muscle tone were noted.

   Conclusions. The use of digital technologies in the rehabilitation of patients with TMJ dysfunction increases the chances of successful completion of the recovery period and contributes to the achievement of stable long-term treatment results.

   The aim of this study was to compare the rate of favourable outcomes of endodontic treatment of abutment teeth for fixed prosthetic restorations in urban patients (Grozny) and rural patients (Kurchaloyevsky district, Chechen Republic) over a 7–8-year follow-up period.

   Materials and methods. The urban group comprised 91 patients (mean age 36.7 ± 5.0 years, 187 abutment teeth) and the rural group comprised 79 patients (mean age 44.6 ± 9.5 years, 176 abutment teeth). Outcomes were assessed using WHO (1995) clinical and radiographic criteria.

   Results. Favourable outcomes were recorded in 91.5 % of urban teeth vs 62.5 % of rural teeth (χ² = 44.0; p < 0.001; RR = 1.47; 95 % CI: 1.29–1.66). At patient level, ≥2 unfavourable teeth were observed in 3.3 % of urban vs 25.3 % of rural patients.

   Conclusion. The findings confirm significant disparities in endodontic treatment efficacy related to differences in healthcare accessibility and technological resources.

   Background. Dental crowding is one of the most common dentofacial anomalies in children and adolescents, occurring in 35–65 % of school-age children. This pathology creates conditions for increased plaque formation in areas difficult to access for hygiene, increasing the risk of dental caries and inflammatory periodontal diseases. The relevance of this study is due to the need to develop effective strategies for oral hygiene care in children with dental crowding, taking into account age characteristics, severity of the anomaly, and level of manual skills development.

   Objective. To improve the level of oral hygiene in children aged 6–12 years with dental crowding by developing an algorithm for optimizing individual oral hygiene, taking into account the concentration of statherin protein in oral fluid as a marker of mineral metabolism.

   Materials and methods. A study was conducted of 60 children aged 6–12 years (32 boys and 28 girls), divided into two age groups: 6–8 years (n = 30) and 9–12 years (n = 30). Subgroups were identified in each group according to the degree of dental crowding (mild, moderate, severe). Green – Vermillion hygiene indices (OHI-S), bleeding index (PBI), and papillary-marginal-alveolar index (PMA) were determined. In 30 children, the concentration of statherin protein in oral fluid was determined by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). The effectiveness of three types of tooth-brushes (manual with flat bristle field, manual with multi-level bristle field, electric) was evaluated after single brushing and after 1 and 3 months of use. Statistical processing was performed using Statistica 12.0.

   Results. The prevalence of dental crowding was 68.3% (41/60), with a tendency to increase with age (63.3 % in the 6–8 years group and 73.3 % in the 9–12 years group). A strong direct correlation was established between the degree of crowding and OHI-S values (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). Mean PMA values significantly increased with increasing severity of crowding: 14.8 ± 2.3 % (no crowding), 23.5 ± 3.1 % (mild), 31.7 ± 3.8 % (moderate), 42.5 ± 4.7 % (severe) (p < 0.05). Statherin concentration was significantly higher in children with crowding (3.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L in the 6-8 years group and 3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L in the 9-12 years group) compared to children without pathology (2.7 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.3 mmol/L, respectively) (p < 0.05). In children aged 6-8 years, manual brushes with multi-level bristle field and electric brushes showed comparable effectiveness (plaque reduction 68.4 ± 5.2 % and 70.8 ± 6.1 %), surpassing manual brushes with flat field (52.6 ± 4.7 %, p < 0.05). In the 9–12 years group, electric brushes were most effective (75.3 ± 5.8 %), surpassing manual brushes with multi-level (64.2 ± 5.0 %, p < 0.05) and flat (50.1 ± 4.5 %, p < 0.01) fields. When using electric brushes for 3 months, a significant decrease in statherin concentration was noted (by 22.5 ± 3.8 % in the 6–8 years group and by 28.7 ± 4.2 % in the 9–12 years group, p < 0.05).

   Conclusion. A correlation has been established between the degree of dental crowding and the level of oral hygiene. The concentration of statherin protein in oral fluid can serve as a risk marker and compensatory mechanism in dental crowding. A comprehensive algorithm for selecting oral hygiene products has been developed, taking into account age, degree of crowding, and level of manual skills.

   The article is devoted to the analysis of the main clinical and radiological characteristics of the lesions of the paranasal sinuses in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws of various origins. In the last decade, patients with atypical forms of osteomyelitis of the jaws have entered clinical practice, which, due to the peculiarities of the course, are referred to as osteonecrosis. Lesions of the middle zone of the face are almost never found in classical odontogenic and traumatic osteomyelitis. However, in patients with drug-associated osteonecrosis and covid-19-associated osteonecrosis of the jaws, this kind of pathological process becomes the leading one. Analysis of clinical and radiological data of 25 patients with osteonecrosis, conducted on the clinical basis of the N. I. Pirogov State Clinical Hospital No. 1 in Moscow, revealed similarities and differences, features of damage to the anatomical structures of bones, paranasal sinuses, and the soft-tissue component of the middle zone of the face in these diseases. The upper jaw with paranasal sinuses showed the presence of sequestration and the localization of the lesion.

   Introduction. The treatment of chronic apical periodontitis remains a relevant issue in dentistry.

   A key stage of endodontic treatment is the removal of the smear layer (SL), which forms during mechanical root canal instrumentation and prevents adequate disinfection.

   Traditional chelating agents, such as EDTA, have limited effectiveness in the apical third and may damage dentin. Etidronic acid (HEBP) is considered a promising alternative, as it allows continuous chelation simultaneously with antiseptic irrigation.

   Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of smear layer removal in the root canal using various chelating agents according to in vitro studies.

   Materials and methods. A literature review was conducted in the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, eLIBRARY.RU, and Google databases for the period 2015–2025 using the following keywords: HEBP, EDTA, etidronate, smear layer, in vitro study. Out of 1,218 identified publications, after excluding duplicates, reviews, clinical cases, and studies with non uniform irrigant activation, 23 full text articles were selected for analysis.

   Results. EDTA is effective in the coronal and middle thirds but removes the smear layer less effectively in the apical part. Activation (ultrasonic, sonic) improves its performance; however, the risk of reduced dentin strength remains. HEBP, especially in combination with sodium hypochlorite, provides stable smear layer removal throughout the entire canal, including the apical third, and prevents debris accumulation. At the same time, HEBP solutions are less effective in dissolving pulp compared to pure hypochlorite.

   Conclusions. HEBP in a continuous chelation protocol has advantages over EDTA in terms of cleaning uniformity and dentin safety, but it requires consideration of its impact on the organic tissue dissolution ability of sodium hypochlorite.

   Background. There is a fairly large number of toothpastes on the Russian market, but their effectiveness and effect on oral tissues is not the same.

   Toothpastes containing plant enzymes are of particular interest for studying the possibility of normalizing the level of oral hygiene in patients with low compliance and increased formation of dental plaque.

   The aim of the study. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using toothpastes with a plant-based enzyme, to develop recommendations for their use in patients with increased plaque formation, low compliance, as the main means of oral hygiene, and as a means of preparing for professional oral hygiene in risk groups.

   Materials and methods. 126 patients using different toothpastes, aged 22 to 30 years, were examined and divided into 4 groups depending on the toothpastes used and the stage of professional oral hygiene. Next, professional oral hygiene was performed and the OHI-S, PMA, and SBI indices were used at the initial appointment, after 2 and 4 weeks, and the effectiveness of the cleansing, anti-inflammatory, and hemostatic effects was calculated.

   Results. According to the data obtained, the effectiveness of the cleansing action of bromelain-containing toothpastes was 84 %, the anti-inflammatory effect was 79 %, the hemostatic effect was 77 %, and the effectiveness of conventional toothpastes was 21, 34, and 41.1 %, respectively. Toothpastes containing the plant enzyme bromelain are recommended for patients with low compliance, increased plaque formation, to prolong the effect of professional oral hygiene, and for patients at risk to prepare for professional oral hygiene.

   Conclusions. Toothpastes with the plant enzyme bromelain are indicated for patients with low compliance, increased plaque formation, to prolong the effect of professional oral hygiene and patients of risk groups to prepare for its implementation.

   Remineralizing therapy is in demand among the population for the prevention of caries due to the safety, simplicity, affordability, and ease of use of modern remineralizing agents. For a long time, scientists have proposed a wide variety of formulations and forms for mineralizing hard dental tissue. Currently, one of the most common options is gel formulations, which combine several mineralizing agents without interaction or mutual deactivation.A modern trend in medicine is the use of biomimetic materials. Hydroxyapatite is such a biomimetic for enamel, which has led to a large number of studies on its use.In addition to the optimal biomimetic principle of medicine, the search is ongoing for innovative remineralizing agents that are as convenient to use as possible. Therefore, the development of innovative formulations is socially in demand, especially among young people.

   Materials and methods. A comparative prospective clinical study was conducted to evaluate the remineralizing, hyposensitivity, and anti-inflammatory effects of an innovative prophylactic agent in adult patients aged 18–30 years during oral hygiene treatment compared to a control group. Standard clinical indicators were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the hygiene products: the Dental Caries Intensity Index (DMF), the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), the Enamel Resistance Test (ERТ), the Gingival Inflammation Index (PMA), the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), the Schiff Air Scale, and the Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS). Various salivary parameters were monitored during the study, including crystal formation, pH, fluoride, Ca, Mg, lactate, and IL-6. The study lasted one month.

   Results. Clinical and laboratory studies of the GLOBAL WHITE Remineralizing Gel-Pencil confirm the stated consumer properties: an increase in the level of enamel mineralization according to ERT by 36.48 %, an increase in the mineralizing potential of saliva according to microcrystallization data by 15.20 %, according to the level of salivary calcium by 20.72 %, a decrease in hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues according to the Schiff index by 45.16 %, an improvement in the condition of the periodontium during inflammation according to the PMA index by 22.48 %. The overall assessment of the organoleptic properties (including ease of application, taste, texture) was 8.86 ± 0.38 points on a 10-point scale.