Грибы-патобионты: факторы вирулентности и механизмы хронизации инфекции (аналитическая обзорная статья)

Грибы-патобионты представляют собой важнейший компонент микробиома человека, формируя так называемую микобиоту, которая включает сотни видов, преимущественно из отделов Ascomycota и Basidiomycota. В желудочно-кишечном тракте наиболее часто выявляются представители родов Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon и Malassezia. Среди них Candida albicans является наиболее изученным видом условно-патогенных грибов патобионтов. C. albicans способна при определенных условиях трансформироваться из комменсала в инвазивный патоген. Ключевыми факторами ее вирулентности являются морфологическая пластичность, экспрессия адгезинов, секреция гидролитических ферментов, а также способность формировать устойчивые биопленки. Распознавание C. albicans иммунной системой осуществляется через паттерн-распознающие рецепторы (PRR), что инициирует врожденный иммунный ответ; однако эффективность этого ответа тесно связана с микроэлементным статусом организма. Цинк, железо, магний и кальций, играя важную роль в поддержании иммунной системы, одновременно выступают регуляторами патогенности C. albicans. Их избыток может стимулировать морфогенез, продукцию факторов вирулентности и устойчивость биопленок, в то время как их секвестрация ограничивает рост гриба. В этой связи вспомогательная пробиотическая терапия рассматривается как перспективный подход к профилактике и лечению грибковых инфекций. Штаммы Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium spp. и Pediococcus acidilactici, входящие в современные пробиотические композиции, демонстрируют антикандидозную активность за счет продукции антимикробных пептидов, подавления морфогенеза и укрепления эпителиального барьера. Таким образом, поддержание баланса между микобиотой, микроэлементами и иммунной системой является ключевым для предотвращения трансформации комменсальных грибов в патогены.

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