medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2025-34-7-14medalphabet-4842Research ArticleСтатьиГрибы-патобионты: факторы вирулентности и механизмы хронизации инфекции (аналитическая обзорная статья)Pathobiont fungi: virulence factors and mechanisms of infection chronicity (analytical review article)https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5869-2503БезродныйС. Л.BezrodnyS. L.

Безродный Святослав Леонидович, к. б. н., ведущий научный сотрудник в области микробиологии, научный сотрудник лаборатории системной биологии старения и геропротекторных технологий, член Ассоциации медицинских микробиологов России

г. Красногорск, Московская область

Москва

Bezrodny Svyatoslav L., Dr Bio Sci (habil.), leading researcher in the field of microbiology, researcher at the Laboratory of Systems Biology of Aging and Geroprotective Technologies, member of the Association of Medical Microbiologists of Russia

Krasnogorsk, Moscow region

Moscow

frebiotik@mail.ruООО «Институт аналитической токсикологии»; ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени академика В. И. Кулакова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияInstitute of Analytical Toxicology LLC; V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and PerinatologyRussian Federation202527012026134«Гастроэнтерология и диетология» (4)714Copyright © Безродный С.Л., 20262026Безродный С.Л.Bezrodny S.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4842

Грибы-патобионты представляют собой важнейший компонент микробиома человека, формируя так называемую микобиоту, которая включает сотни видов, преимущественно из отделов Ascomycota и Basidiomycota. В желудочно-кишечном тракте наиболее часто выявляются представители родов Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon и Malassezia. Среди них Candida albicans является наиболее изученным видом условно-патогенных грибов патобионтов. C. albicans способна при определенных условиях трансформироваться из комменсала в инвазивный патоген. Ключевыми факторами ее вирулентности являются морфологическая пластичность, экспрессия адгезинов, секреция гидролитических ферментов, а также способность формировать устойчивые биопленки. Распознавание C. albicans иммунной системой осуществляется через паттерн-распознающие рецепторы (PRR), что инициирует врожденный иммунный ответ; однако эффективность этого ответа тесно связана с микроэлементным статусом организма. Цинк, железо, магний и кальций, играя важную роль в поддержании иммунной системы, одновременно выступают регуляторами патогенности C. albicans. Их избыток может стимулировать морфогенез, продукцию факторов вирулентности и устойчивость биопленок, в то время как их секвестрация ограничивает рост гриба. В этой связи вспомогательная пробиотическая терапия рассматривается как перспективный подход к профилактике и лечению грибковых инфекций. Штаммы Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium spp. и Pediococcus acidilactici, входящие в современные пробиотические композиции, демонстрируют антикандидозную активность за счет продукции антимикробных пептидов, подавления морфогенеза и укрепления эпителиального барьера. Таким образом, поддержание баланса между микобиотой, микроэлементами и иммунной системой является ключевым для предотвращения трансформации комменсальных грибов в патогены.

Pathobiont fungi represent an essential component of the human microbiome, forming the so-called mycobiota, which includes hundreds of species, predominantly from the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. In the gastrointestinal tract, the most frequently detected genera are Candida, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon and Malassezia. Among them, Candida albicans is the most extensively studied species of conditionally pathogenic fungal pathobionts. Under certain conditions, C. albicans is capable of transforming from a commensal into an invasive pathogen. Key factors of its virulence include morphological plasticity, expression of adhesins, secretion of hydrolytic enzymes, and the ability to form resilient biofilms. Recognition of C. albicans by the immune system occurs through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which initiate the innate immune response; however, the effectiveness of this response is closely linked to the host's micronutrient status. Zinc, iron, magnesium, and calcium, while playing crucial roles in supporting immune function, simultaneously act as regulators of C. albicans pathogenicity. Their excess may stimulate morphogenesis, production of virulence factors, and biofilm robustness, whereas their sequestration limits fungal growth. In this context, adjunctive probiotic therapy is considered a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of fungal infections. Strains of Bacillus spp., Lactobacillus salivarius, Bifidobacterium spp., and Pediococcus acidilactici, included in modern probiotic formulations, demonstrate anticandidal activity through the production of antimicrobial peptides, suppression of morphogenesis, and reinforcement of the epithelial barrier. Thus, maintaining the balance between the mycobiota, micronutrients, and the immune system is crucial for preventing the transition of commensal fungi into pathogens.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.