Arterial hypertension (AH) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including cerebrovascular events. Damage to the brain as a target organ of AH manifests itself in vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) of varying severity, as well as the development of associated conditions in the form of acute cerebrovascular disorders. In the absence of risk factor correction and rational neuroprotective therapy, VCI can progressively worsen, transforming into dementia, which completely disadapts the patient in all areas of life and creates the need for constant assistance from others. Moreover, VCI itself, even in its early stages, can negatively affect the patient’s adherence to treatment by impairing memory, thereby reducing its effectiveness and increasing the risk of adverse outcomes. In this regard, we review the clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches to identifying brain damage as one of the highly sensitive target organs in AH. In Russian practice, the original russian drug Mexidol^® (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) is used alongside antihypertensive therapy for the treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular diseases with cognitive impairment. The article reviews the evidence base for the drug, with a particular focus on its effectiveness in protecting the brain in conditions of concomitant hypertension, and presents the multimodal mechanisms through which the drug exerts a complex neuroprotective effect, demonstrably improves cognitive status, and also alleviates the clinical symptoms associated with cerebrovascular damage and improves the quality of life of patients.

Disorders of mental and cognitive health share a common biological basis – from neurotransmitter imbalances to metabolic dysfunctions. Contemporary epidemiological data indicate the widespread prevalence of these conditions, particularly in the post-pandemic period, when a considerable portion of the population developed persistent emotional and cognitive sequelae. Nutrition plays a crucial modulating role: deficiencies in micronutrients, especially B vitamins and magnesium, can trigger pathological cascades leading to neurodegeneration and psychiatric disorders. Experimental and clinical studies confirm that adequate intake of these nutrients supports mood stabilization, enhances memory, and protects neurons. This positions micronutrient supplementation as a promising strategy in the prevention of both psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Of particular importance are the active forms of vitamins, which ensure better absorption and immediate metabolic availability, especially in individuals with genetic polymorphisms that impair the conversion of standard vitamin forms into their active coenzyme counterparts.

The conducted study evaluated the effectiveness of a dietary supplement containing Omega-3 PUFAs for the correction of mental development delays in children. Patients with MDD were found to have significant impairments in neuropsychological status, increased anxiety levels, and destabilization of cell membrane lipid metabolism. A 12-week course of the dietary supplement led to a significant improvement in verbal and non-verbal intelligence scores, reduced anxiety, and positive dynamics in the blood lipid spectrum. The results demonstrate that nutritional support with Omega-3 is an effective addition to the comprehensive rehabilitation of children with MDD. Thus, the use of the «Baby Evalar Omega-3 DHA chewable capsules» supplement is justified for improving cognitive functions and psychoemotional state.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) are independent risk factors for cognitive impairment (CI). Vitamin B 12 deficiency is considered a potentially reversible factor for cognitive decline, but the available literature data are contradictory.

Objective. To assess the impact of vitamin B 12 deficiency on cognitive function in patients with AF and CAD on dual antithrombotic therapy (DATT).

Materials and methods. This prospective open cohort study included 126 patients with AF and CAD (mean age 69.5 [63; 76] years, 62.7 % men) on DATT. They were divided into two groups: with vitamin B 12 deficiency (n=21) and without deficiency (n=105). All patients underwent cognitive assessment using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Trail Making Test, Word fluency test, Word-List Recall, and Stroop color-word conflict. Levels of anxiety and depression were also assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, respectively.

Results. In the vitamin B 12 deficient group, the completion time for the third part of the Stroop Test was statistically significantly longer (205.0 [176.8; 248.0] s vs. 180.0 [148.0; 222.3] s, respectively; p=0.048). The difference remained statistically significant after excluding patients with anemia (p=0.049). According to the MMSE, the group without vitamin B 12 deficiency and anemia had a statistically significantly higher number of patients with normal scores (29–30 points) – 15 patients (18 %), whereas there were no such patients in the vitamin B 12 deficient group (p=0.037 between groups).

Conclusions. In patients with AF and CAD on DATT, vitamin B 12 deficiency is a modifiable risk factor for CI and is associated with selective executive dysfunction. Its early diagnosis may help improve cognitive function and quality of life.

Background. Degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine (DDSD) are a multi-level problem and require an integrated approach to effectively combat this disease.

The aim of the study: evaluation of the effectiveness of differentiated medical rehabilitation programs for patients with DDD, accompanied by postural disorders and pain syndrome in combination with muscular-tonic syndrome and vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI).

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 83 patients divided into four groups. The four groups differed in treatment methods: regimens I–IV (76.8 %). The analysis included a study of the dynamics of complaints, objective status, instrumental data, and overall assessment of the patients’ condition.

Results. Maximum effectiveness was noted in combinations of manual therapy with acupuncture (schemes III and IV). The greatest positive effect was achieved in reducing pain intensity, eliminating cephalgia and normalizing muscle tone. Instrumental evidence of significant improvement in blood circulation and reduction of radiographic signs of scoliotic deformation. Conclusion. Complex therapy, including drug therapy and nondrug methods (manual therapy, reflexology), effectively reduces symptoms, which emphasizes the importance of individual treatment selection.

Arterial hypertension in pregnant women increases the risk of complications of pregnancy, childbirth, fetal and newborn pathology. A survey of 80 pregnant women and EMIAS data was conducted. Elevated blood pressure during office measurement was recorded in 31 patients, according to the SMAD data, 20 pregnant women with arterial hypertension were identified. According to the results of the study, in 55 % of pregnant women, gestational hypertension was confirmed in patients with office blood pressure levels within the normal range. Thus, the use of SMAD increases the detection of hypertension in pregnant women by two times. Unjustified prescribing of antihypertensive drugs to pregnant women with an office increase in blood pressure, but with unconfirmed hypertension using the SMAD method (50 %) was noted. A low level of antihypertensive drug use was revealed in pregnant women with confirmed arterial hypertension according to SMAD (35 %). The following results were obtained from the study of the daily blood pressure profile of pregnant women with hypertension: arterial hypertension was observed during the day in 26.7 %, during waking hours in 6.7 %, and at night in 66.7 %. The average daytime SAD was increased in 26.6 % of pregnant women with hypertension, and the average nighttime SAD was increased in 50 %. The average daily SAD was increased in 30 %. The average daily DBP was increased in 50 % of pregnant women, no increase in nocturnal DBP was noted. An increase in VUP SAD was noted in 3.33 %, an increase in VUP DAD – in 10 %. The rate of morning SAD rise was within the normal range in 66.7 % of pregnant women with hypertension, increased – 33.3 %, the rate of morning DBP rise was within the normal range in 53.3 % of pregnant women with hypertension, increased – 46.7 %. PAD was within the normal range in 63.3 % of pregnant women with hypertension, exceeded the norm – in 36.7 %. The variability of SAD and DBP was within the normal range (daily index of 10–20 %).Obese patients in most cases show an increase in blood pressure numbers during routine blood pressure measurements, as well as a high risk of preeclampsia. Pregnant women with hypertension have a high risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, anemia, and gestational pyelonephritis. In the presence of hypertension during pregnancy, the frequency of cesarean section, premature discharge of amniotic fluid/ membranes, ruptures of the cervix/perineum, fetal distress, and the risk of having a low birth weight child increases.

Neonatal sepsis is the main cause of neonatal mortality. Low birth weight, premature birth, arterial hypertension of pregnant women increase the risk of neonatal sepsis and an unfavorable outcome. Premature infants and low birth weight infants often have neutropenia, which increases the risk of infection and worsens the course of bacterial infection. Neutropenia is more common in newborns from mothers with arterial hypertension of pregnant women than in children from normotensive pregnancy. Arterial hypertension in pregnant women leads to impaired remodeling of spiral arteries and changes in microvessels in the placental bed. The inability to transform the uteroplacental spiral arteries is believed to underlie pregnancy disorders, including preeclampsia and fetal growth retardation. Modern diagnostic methods such as capillaroscopy allow noninvasively assessing the state of the microcirculatory system. The risk of infection of the fetus and newborn is influenced by the microbiome of a pregnant woman, changes in which can lead to a decrease in adaptive immunity, vascular dysfunction and eclampsia. The results of the conducted studies indicate that arterial hypertension in pregnant women is associated with the risk of premature birth and low birth weight, placental insufficiency, neutropenia of newborns, changes in the microbiome, and microcirculatory disorders. Each of these factors increases the risk of neonatal sepsis and affects the outcome of the disease. Blood pressure monitoring can be considered as a preventive measure not only for eclampsia and other complications of pregnancy and childbirth, but also for the prevention of neonatal sepsis.

Relevance. In this work, we have covered the aspects of classification, etiology, and treatment of two cellular and structural variants of endometrial hyperplasia: benign endometrial hyperplasia and endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia, which is an equivalent term for atypical endometrial hyperplasia. Two classification systems have been reviewed: the WHO 2014 classification and the Yokohama classification. The etiological basis is primarily hyperestrogenemia with a suppressed progesterone status. Risk groups have been described. The article provides information about  the dependence on monoclonal aberrations and the uterine microbiome. It also discusses treatment options for abnormal uterine bleeding, which is a recognized component of the clinical Triad A. The article describes methods of fertility-preserving treatment using surgery and self-administered hormone therapy through the use of LNG-IUDs. The role of a-GnRH in the treatment of this endometrial pathology is mentioned. ART can not only fulfill the reproductive intentions of patients but also increase the period of remission through pregnancy. Treatment tactics should be supported by the results of MSI testing, as immuno-associated therapy is more effective when this immunohistochemical marker is detected.

Objective: to highlight in this work the aspects of classification, etiology, treatment of endometrial hyperplasia typical (benign endometrial hyperplasia) and atypical morphoarchitectonics (endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia).

Materials and methods. Data collection in scientometric PubMed, E-library, CyberLeninka, as well as in bibliographic sources. Time frame: 2000–2025.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of the age of women in a country on the access to legal termination of pregnancy.

Materials and research methods. This is a cross-sectional study to analyze the correlation between the median age of women and its effects on the legality of abortion. The median age of women was obtained from the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The countries are classified by the legality of their abortion according to the The Center of Reproductive Rights. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) is taken from the Gender Data Portal of the World Bank Group.

Results. This study revealed that countries with abortion given «On Request» are the oldest; with an average median age of women of 37.66 years old (yo). This correlates with the lowest MMR at 47.75 per 100,000 live births. Countries with induced abortion provided «To Preserve Health» have an average age of 28.26 yo. Their average MMR is the highest at 230.44 per 100 000 live births. The countries which are classified under «Prohibited Altogether» have an average median age of 28.49 yo. Their average MMR is 172.94 per 100 000 live births.

Conclusion. Countries with an older population have greater access to abortion. This directly correlates with a lower MMR. Whereas younger countries have less access to abortion while having higher MMR.

In criminal practice, the defense may be based on proof of the defendant’s insanity. Predisposition to criminal behavior may be genetically determined. Antisocial personality disorder has gender characteristics. The study of the effect of sex hormones on the propensity of individuals to antisocial and aggressive behavior revealed the role of genes encoding testosterone and estrogens, cytochrome family genes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones. The relationship with the aggression of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone genes is much less studied. In studies, the relationship of prolactin with aggression against the background of drug use was obtained. The research data revealed the role of oxytocin genes in aggressive behavior of children. Epidemiological studies indicate an important role in the impulsive aggressive behavior of the Y chromosome. However, the results obtained on the relationship of aggressive personality traits with genes regulating sex hormones are ambiguous. One of the reasons for the inconsistency of the research results may be a limited sample of the number of subjects. The complexity of regulating behavior requires models that take into account many markers.

In criminal practice, the defense may be based on proof of the defendant’s insanity. Predisposition to criminal behavior may be genetically determined. Antisocial personality disorder has gender characteristics. The study of the effect of sex hormones on the propensity of individuals to antisocial and aggressive behavior revealed the role of genes encoding testosterone and estrogens, cytochrome family genes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones. The relationship with the aggression of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone genes is much less studied. In studies, the relationship of prolactin with aggression against the background of drug use was obtained. The research data revealed the role of oxytocin genes in aggressive behavior of children. Epidemiological studies indicate an important role in the impulsive aggressive behavior of the Y chromosome. However, the results obtained on the relationship of aggressive personality traits with genes regulating sex hormones are ambiguous. One of the reasons for the inconsistency of the research results may be a limited sample of the number of subjects. The complexity of regulating behavior requires models that take into account many markers.

Introduction. To expand our knowledge of body type characteristics across the modern population of different age and gender groups, as well as to expand the database for further comparison of research results, it is necessary to include body type assessment in physical development assessment programs.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the somatotypological characteristics of children aged 8–12 years with varying levels of physical activity.

Materials and methods. A total of 228 students (101 girls and 127 boys) in grades 2–5 of a Moscow comprehensive school were examined. The somatotypological profile was assessed using the Heath-Carter method and an apparatus-based ABC-01 Medass bioimpedance analyzer (Medass, Russia).

Results. Boys aged 8–12 years were significantly more mesomorphic and less ectomorphic than girls; boys were also less endomorphic, but the differences between the groups were not significant. No significant differences in body size or somatotypological profile were found between girls participating in sports clubs and those not. Boys who attended sports clubs had significantly lower ENDO and MESO component scores and significantly higher ECTO component scores. The group of girls participating in feminine sports was made up of more ectomorphic girls and less meso- and endomorphic girls.

Conclusion. When dividing children into groups based on their sport, participation in sports clubs, or non-attendance, no clear pattern in the dynamics of somatotypological profiles was found. This is due to the young age of the subjects and the presence of children with different body compositions in each age group.

Despite the large number of scientific publications currently available on the variability of human morphological traits during different periods of ontogenesis, interest in this type of research continues.

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of somatometric parameters in modern children aged 8–12 years living in the Moscow region.

Materials and methods. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 228 children aged 8–12 years, attending a Moscow school. Using calibrated instruments, length, girth, and width measurements, as well as skinfold thickness on the trunk and limbs, were measured.

Results. New data were obtained on the characteristics of anthropometric parameters in schoolchildren aged 8–12 years of both sexes. In both groups of boys and girls, body weight, length, girth, and width measurements increase according to the physiological laws of growth and development as they move from one age group to another, older one. The increase in skinfold thickness is not directly related to age; The level of body fat in children aged 9–12 years of both sexes did not differ. No significant differences were found between boys and girls within the same age group for body length, body weight, waist and hip circumference, or body mass index, indicating similar morphological characteristics of physical development in children who have not yet reached puberty. Compared to boys, the girls group showed significantly greater heights at the sternal, radial, styloid, digital, pubic, and tibial points, indicating longer legs in the girls group.The diameters of the distal femur and tibia are larger in boys; no differences were found for other diameters. The circumference measurements and the difference between the tense and relaxed arm circumferences were higher in boys across all age groups.

Conclusion. It has been shown that more rapid changes between the ages of 8–12 years occur during growth processes associated with an increase in body length. The values of the WG are independent of growth processes, indicating an individual level of body fat.

Introduction. Screening surveys of children in various regions of the Russian Federation, regularly conducted to assess changes in physical development under the influence of changing socioeconomic factors, are an important part of assessing the overall health of the child population.

The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of body composition in modern children aged 8–12 years living in the Moscow region.

Materials and methods. A total of 228 children aged 8–12 years studying in the Moscow region were examined. Body composition and other indicators were determined using an apparatus-based method using an ABC-01 Medass bioimpedance analyzer.

Results. Somatometric body measurements increase according to the physiological laws of growth and development during the transition from one age group to another, in both sexes. Moreover, no differences were found between boys and girls within the same age group in terms of height and weight, waist and hip circumference, and body mass index, indicating similar morphological characteristics of physical development in primary school-aged children who have not yet reached puberty. Skeletal muscle mass indicators were significantly higher in the boy group across all age groups. Absolute values  of body fat did not significantly differ between boys and girls within the same age group. The increase in body fat with age is uneven, meaning the increase is not directly related to the age of the children studied.

Conclusion. The results of this study will contribute to the assessment of the physical development of modern children living in the Moscow region, in terms of body composition, and can serve as material for discussing the results of similar studies.