Improved approaches to quality assurance have led to the need to update the technical standards of spirometry taking into account modern technical capabilities. The aim of the study is to present updated recommendations on spirometry with explanations and additions that are important for everyday work in practical healthcare. Analysis of documents on technical standards of spirometry developed by an joint task force of specialists with expertise in conducting and analyzing lung function tests and ensuring laboratory quality, appointed by the Russian Respiratory Society, the Russian Association of Functional Diagnostics Specialists, the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Therapists, as well as a joint group of the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society. The 1st part presents sections on indications and contraindications to spirometry; technical conditions of the procedure, including infection control; methods of spirometry; describes the main indicators and criteria for the quality of the study. The implementation of the presented standards and consensus recommendations for clinicians, operators and researchers is necessary for improving the accuracy of spirometric measurements and the patient experience.

It is discussed what actually useful coherent analysis can give in solving the problem of assessing the system- functional organization of cortical rhythms, which underlies the clinical interpretation of quantitative indicators of intracerebral connections. The authors emphasized. That in the basis of the assessment of disorders of the mental function of the brain according to EEG data, one should look for signs of dissociation of the level of wakefulness in non-sleeping people. It is necessary to look for features of the electroencephalographic picture, which can be considered as neurophysiological neurotic patterns and, most importantly, an assessment of the state of the systemic- functional organization of the cortical rhythm, interpreted as a state of hypofrontality. The authors took the path of visual illustration using examples of specific patients with various pathological states of brain function. The features of changes in coherence indices in patients with hyperactivity syndrome, in violation of the function of attention, with mental retardation, in vegetative- vascular dystonia are given. The authors cite the observation of a child with sensorineural hearing loss from birth and connect the fact of a decrease in the level of intertemporal relations, not with the underlying disease, but with the lack of oral speech skills. The paper emphasizes that hypersynchronization of the alpha rhythm is quite pathognomonic to the state of increased anxiety. The authors explain in detail under what states of mental dysfunction the values of the average coherence are more informative, and in which the values of the dominant frequency. In conclusion, the authors complain about the unsatisfactory software capabilities of mathematical processing in some EEG computer systems, so neurophysiologists have unequal opportunities.

Electromyography (EMG) of the lumbar paraspinal muscles (PM) is performed for differential diagnosis of lumbosacral radiculopathy and other proximal peripheral nerve injuries such as lumbosacral plexopathy or sciatic neuropathy. In neurosurgery, EMG of the lumbar PM can clarify the level of the compressed spinal nerve root in polyradiculopathy due to degenerative spinal deasese. In this article we describe in detail the technique of the study, present the factors limiting the use of EMG in the diagnosis of radiculopathy and determination of its anatomical level.

The article reflects modern concepts about the effect of deep inspiration and breath holding on the heart functioning and the reflection of these processes at ECGs. Positional changes of Q waves, primarily in leads III and aVF, and their possible differences from pathological Q waves are described. Reflex and humoral effects of deep inspiration and breath holding on heart functions such as contractility, automatism and conductivity are considered. Examples of rhythm and conduction disturbances that rarely occur during breath holding are illutrated on ECGs. A recommended variant of the implementation of the deep inspiration ECG test using computer ECG systems is described, which implements continuous ECG recording on free breathing, during inspiration and while holding the breath. This version of the test does not change the operators’ complexity and time of ECG registration.

We provided historical aspects and some features of different ultrasound diagnostic methods of left ventricular hypertrophy, their advantages and disadvantages. Using some methods of statistical analysis, we tried to assess the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and consistency of the two most commonly used methods of left ventricular mass indexations (to the body surface area and to the height 2.7) among patients with different body mass indexes. According to our results, among patients with body mass index less than 25.0 kg/m2, both left ventricular myocardial mass indexations have good consistency with each other and can be effectively used in the diagnostic of left ventricular hypertrophy. Fairly good consistency between the studied criteria among patients with a body mass index of 25.0–29.9 also, theoretically, allows to use both methods of indexation for the diagnosing of this pathology. According to the poor consistency of the studied criteria, in case of body mass index more than 30.0 kg/m2, left ventricular myocardial mass indexation to height 2,7 should be used only.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the systolic function of the left and right ventricles and measure myocardial Strain in young people (from 18 to 44 years old) with a newly established clinical and laboratory diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS) according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), to identify possible early markers of myocardial dysfunction. All patients underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography (EchoCG) with assessment of systolic function of the left and right ventricles (LV and RV). The work detects early markers of ventricular myocardial dysfunction using speckle tracking 2D and 4D EchoCG, and also investigates the relationship between the main components of MS and echocardiographic parameters. With the help of a comparative analysis, statistical data were revealed on the low global longitudinal strain of the left and right ventricle in 2D and 4D in the main group compared with the control group. In individuals with MS, the mean values of global circular strain (GCS), radial (GRS) strain and global area strain (GAS) of the left ventricle were also significantly lower than the control group. Indicators obesity diseases (body weight and waist circumference) had a negative correlation with the ejection fraction (EF) and parameters of ventricular strain.

In this revue discuss the usefulness of static and active dynamic thermography for burn depth assessment as well as for estimation of the effectiveness of the different treatment modalities (cell therapy, humid ambience, evaluation of the donor skin area).

One of the world’s leading physiologists of the late 19th — the first third of the 20th centuries, Doctor of Medicine, Professor, Head of the Department of Physiology of Kazan University, Lenin Prize winner, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR Alexander Filippovich Samoilov (1867, Odessa — 1930, Kazan) is known as one of the creators of the theory and practice of electrocardiography, introduction of this method into the clinic. In 1924, A. F. Samoilov proved the chemical nature of the transition of excitation from a nerve to a muscle. Many fundamental works of the scientist are devoted to spinal and central nervous mechanisms. As a student and follower of I. M. Sechenov, A. F. Samoilov proceeded to formulate the principles of systematic organization of functions in animals and humans based on the material of his works. The scientists studied the systems of coding characters in the notation of notes. On the example of the circular rhythm of muscle excitation described by him in 1929, A. F. Samoilov anticipated the model of an automatic self-regulating system and systemic social circular interaction.