Cervical cancer in Russia. Мorbidity, mortality, and effectiveness of prevention measures: a retrospective epidemiological study

Introduction. Cervical cancer is a significant health concern, particularly in regions with limited access to healthcare services. The implementation of screening measures such as the Pap test has contributed to a reduction in the number of affected women. However, since the 1990s, an increase in disease incidence has been observed in the Russian Federation, due to shortcomings in preventive efforts. In 2022, standardized cervical cancer incidence exceeded figures from 1989, while changes in mortality rates were also noted, with a subsequent increase after a period of decline. This may be attributed to inadequate coverage and effectiveness of secondary and tertiary preventive measures.

The aim of this study is to analyze the level of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality, as well as factors that characterize the effectiveness of prevention efforts in the Russian Federation between 2007 and 2022.

Materials and Methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was carried out, during which the following indicators were considered: the number of patients with a newly diagnosed cervical cancer; the number of deaths from cervical cancer; distribution of malignant neoplasms by stages; the number of cases of preinvasive cervical cancer (in situ); total mortality and lethality within a year from the moment of diagnosis; the effectiveness of preventive examinations.

Results. The results of the study showed that the incidence of cervical cancer increased from 2007 to 2018. This may be due to the effectiveness of screening measures. However, during the COVID‑19 pandemic, the incidence dropped sharply. This was due to a decrease in the proportion of actively identified patients and an increase in the number of advanced stages of the disease. As the impact of the pandemic on cancer services decreases, the incidence of cervical cancer increased again in 2022. For the first time since 2015, mortality from this pathology has increased.

Conclusion. The analysis of the data indicates a deterioration in the epidemiological situation and an increase in the negative impact of cervical cancer on public health. In this regard, it is necessary to intensify preventive and diagnostic treatment to prevent an increase in morbidity and mortality from this disease.

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