Role of non-resident subpopulations of mucosal and adaptive immune systems in patients with chronic periodontitis

Periodontal bacterial bioflm causes an innate and adaptive immune response of the host mucosa, leading to inflammation and destruction of the tissues supporting the periodontal. The progression of periodontitis depends not only on bacteria, since an inadequate immune response to microorganisms can accelerate the development of periodontitis. However, the exact mechanisms of the development of immune reactions remain unclear. Recent studies emphasize the existence of a typical innate response of resident and extravasated immune cells.

Objective. To investigate the quantitative composition of non-resident subpopulations of lymphocytes in salivary fluid and to study the mechanisms of interaction of the cellular link of the innate and adaptive immune system in chronic generalized periodontitis of varying severity.

Materials and methods. 49 people aged 26–67 years of both sexes were examined with a diagnosis of chronic periodontitis. The comparison group consisted of 17 people aged 26–44 years with no periodontal diseases. The state of the cellular link of the adaptive and local immune system of the oral cavity was assessed by the following phenotypes: CD3^–CD16⁺56⁺; CD3⁺CD16⁺56⁺; CD3⁺; CD3⁺HLA-DR⁺; CD19⁺, CD19⁺HLA-DR⁺; CD19⁺CD5⁺CD27^–; CD19⁺CD5^–СD 27^–; CD19⁺СD5^–CD27⁺.

Results. The number of T-NK cells decreased with a mild degree of periodontitis and increased with a severe degree. Similarly, CD3⁺HLA^-DR⁺ decreased with mild periodontitis [Me = 0.148 cells/µl] and increased with moderate [Me = 0.247 cells/µl] and severe [Me = 0.448 cells/µl]. The number of B-lymphocytes with the CD19⁺, CD19⁺CD5⁺, CD19⁺CD5^–CD27⁺ phenotype decreased to single cells per microliter during the development of the disease.

Conclusion. The imbalance of the immune system caused by pathogenic colonization of the periodontium, at different degrees of severity, is an important factor in the occurrence and development of periodontitis, in which various subsets of B cells of the adaptive immune system play a certain role, closely interacting with the cellular link of the innate mucosal immune system

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