A comparative review of the physical and chemical characteristics of titanium and zirconium dioxide used for the production of dental implants

Taking into account the continuing search for the optimal material for the production of dental implants, it seems relevant to compare, according to the literature, the physico-chemical properties (mechanical properties, osseointegration ability, fatigue endurance of titanium (cpTi grade 1-4, Ti-6Al-4V) and yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) used for the production of dental implants. The analysis of published experimental clinical papers (in vitro, in vivo), studies using simulations based on the finite element method. The review shows a comparable ability to osseointegration in both materials, zirconium dioxide demonstrates a higher modulus of elasticity and hardness, but increased sensitivity to fatigue. Titanium retains the advantage of plasticity and proven long-term operation. Thus, titanium remains the most versatile and predictable material, while zirconium implants are a real and promising alternative for a number of clinical cases.

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