Современное понимание взаимосвязи кишечной микробиоты и развития аллергических заболеваний у детей

Микробиота кишечника – один из ключевых элементов формирования иммунного ответа. На ее развитие и состав может повлиять множество факторов, включая течение родов, рацион ребенка и проведение антибиотикотерапии. Согласно гигиенической теории, развитие дисбактериоза в раннем возрасте может привести к повышению риска сенсибилизации и аллергических заболеваний. Более того, снижение количества определенных микроорганизмов может привести к нарушению барьерной функции кишечника и дифференцировки наивных Т-клеток.
Целью данного обзора является изучение взаимосвязи уровня различных микроорганизмов, входящих в состав кишечной микробиоты, и риска развития различных аллергических состояний у детей. Обзор опубликованной по данной теме литературы проводился по базам данных Pubmed и ResearchGate.Особое внимание привлекает уровень микроорганизмов в составе микробиоты кишечника, продуцирующих масляную кислоту, таких как Ruminococcus, Lachnospira и Roseburia. Данное соединение играет роль в обеспечении способности иммунной системы подавлять чрезмерные иммунные реакции. Снижение уровней микроорганизмов, продуцирующих масляную кислоту, отмечалось в 4 из 6 исследований, изучавших ее уровень у больных аллергическими заболеваниями. Обеспечение высокого уровня микробиоты, продуцирующей необходимые для поддержания кишечного барьера и формирования иммунного ответа химические соединения, является ключом к новому подходу в профилактике и лечении аллергических заболеваний.

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