Buy (150 RUB)
Generate QR code
Open Access
Subscription or Fee Access
Probiotics and oral microbiota: problems and prospects
E. V. Prokopenko,
S. V. Orlova,
I. V. Podoprigora,
E. A. Nikitina,
A. A. Gevorkyan,
A. A. Orlova,
E. E. Aydin https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2025-19-80-85
Abstract
The oral microbiome is a complex ecosystem that plays a key role in maintaining oral and overall health. Dysbiosis contributes to the development of common diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, halitosis, and can alter the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases. Probiotics have become a promising therapeutic and preventive strategy, exerting their effect through various mechanisms. Clinical studies and meta-analyses indicate the potential benefit of a number of probiotic strains, but the effectiveness of probiotics depends on the specific strain, dosage, duration of use, and other factors.
Supporting agencies: The publication was supported by the RUDN Strategic Academic Leadership Program.
About the Authors
E. V. Prokopenko
INVITRO LLC
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Prokopenko Elena V., head of Dept for Development and Maintenance of MIS and Services of the Dept for Development of Medical Activities of Invitro LLC
Moscow
S. V. Orlova
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN) ; Scientific and Practical Center for Child Psychoneurology of the Moscow City Health Department
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Orlova Svetlana V., DM Sci (habil.), professor, head of Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutritiology, Chief Researcher
Moscow
I. V. Podoprigora
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Podoprigora Irina V., PhD Med, associate professor, head of Dept of Microbiology
Moscow
E. A. Nikitina
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN) ; Scientific and Practical Center for Child Psychoneurology of the Moscow City Health Department ; National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Russian Ministry of Health
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nikitina Elena A., PhD Med, associate professor at Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Research Fellow, Expert of the Methodological Accreditation and Simulation Center
Moscow
A. A. Gevorkyan
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Gevorkyan Alexey A., PhD Med associate professor at Dept of Therapeutic Dentistry
Moscow
A. A. Orlova
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Orlova Anastasia A., student at Institute of Medicine
Moscow
E. E. Aydin
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Aydin Emriye E., student at Institute of Medicine
Moscow
References
1. Rajasekaran JJ, Krishnamurthy HK, Bosco J, Jayaraman V, Krishna K, Wang T, Bei K. Oral Microbiome: A Review of Its Impact on Oral and Systemic Health. Microorganisms. 2024 Aug 29; 12 (9): 1797. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091797. PMID: 39338471; PMCID: PMC11434369.
2. Dewhirst F. E., Chen T., Izard J., Paster B. J., Tanner A. C., Yu W. H., Lakshmanan A., Wade W.G. The human oral microbiome. J. Bacteriol. 2010; 192: 5002–5017.
3. Lang NP, Mombelli A, Attstrom R. Dental plaque and calculus. Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry. 3rd edition. Oxford (United Kingdom): Blackwell Munksgaard, 1997.
4. Nasidze I, Li J, Quinque D. et al. Global diversity in the human salivary microbiome. Genome Res 2009; 19 (4): 636–43.
5. Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res 2004;38(3):204–11, Kononen E, Asikainen S, Saarela M. et al. The oral gram-negative anaerobic microflora in young children: longitudinal changes from edentulous to dentate mouth. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1994; 9 (3): 136–41.
6. Moore WE, Burmeister JA, Brooks CN. et al. Investigation of the influences of puberty, genetics, and environment on the composition of subgingival periodontal floras. Infect Immun 1993; 61 (7): 2891–8.
7. Ashley FP, Gallagher J, Wilson RF. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius and spirochaetes in the subgingival microflora of adolescents and their relationship with the amount of supragingival plaque and gingivitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1988; 3 (2): 77–82.
8. Yang F, Zeng X, Ning K. et al. Saliva microbiomes distinguish caries-active from healthy human populations. ISME J. 2012; 6 (1): 1–10.
9. Fujiwara N., Tsuruda K., Iwamoto Y., Kato F., Odaki T., Yamane N., Hori Y., Harashima Y., Sakoda A., Tagaya A. et al. Significant increase of oral bacteria in the early pregnancy period in Japanese women. J. Investig. Clin. Dent. 2017; 8: 12189.
10. Borgo P.V., Rodrigues V.A., Feitosa A.C., Xavier K.C., Avila-Campos M.J. Association between periodontal condition and subgingival microbiota in women during pregnancy: A longitudinal study. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2014; 22: 528–533.
11. Percival RS, Challacombe SJ, Marsh PD. Age-related microbiological changes in the salivary and plaque microflora of healthy adults. J Med Microbiol. 1991; 35 (1): 5–11.
12. Tanzer J.M., Linvingston J., Thompson A.M. The microbiology of primary dental caries in humans. J. Dent. Educ. 65 (2001), pp. 1028–1037.
13. Loesche W.J. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 50 (1986), pp. 353–380.
14. S.D. Forssten, M. Bjorklund, A.C. Ouwehand. Streptococcus mutans, caries and simulation models. Nutrients, 2 (2010), pp. 290–298.
15. Huang N, Li J, Qiao X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Li L. Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 20; 12 (12): e060753. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‑2022-060753. PMID: 36600415; PMCID: PMC9809225.
16. Sela M.N. Role of treponema denticola in periodontal diseases. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 12 (2001), pp. 399–413.
17. Gheisary Z, Mahmood R, Harri Shivanantham A, Liu J, Lieffers JRL, Papagerakis P, Papagerakis S. The Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 28; 14 (5): 1036. DOI: 10.3390/nu14051036. PMID: 35268009; PMCID: PMC8912513.
18. Hajishengallis G., Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2021; 21: 426–440. DOI: 10.1038/s41577‑020‑00488‑6
19. Cardoso E.M., Reis C., Manzanares-Céspedes M.C. Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases. Postgrad. Med. 2018; 130: 98–104. DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1396876
20. Slocum C, Kramer C, Genco CA. Immune dysregulation mediated by the oral microbiome: potential link to chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Intern Med. 2016; 280 (1): 114–28.
21. Dai R, Lam OL, Lo EC. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical, microbiological, and behavioural aspects of oral health among patients with stroke. J Dent. 2015; 43 (2): 171–80.
22. Dai R, Lam OL, Lo EC. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical, microbiological, and behavioural aspects of oral health among patients with stroke. J Dent. 2015; 43 (2): 171–80.
23. Vamos C.A., Thompson E.L., Avendano, M., Daley E.M., Quinonez R.B., Boggess K. Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: A systematic review. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2015; 43: 385–396.
24. Ide M, Papapanou PN. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes–systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2013; 40 (Suppl 14): S181–94.
25. Parahitiyawa NB, Jin LJ, Leung WK. et al. Microbiology of odontogenic bacteremia: beyond endocarditis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009; 22 (1): 46–64.
26. Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Thornhill M. et al. Poor oral hygiene as a risk factor for infective endocarditis-related bacteremia. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009; 140 (10): 1238–44.
27. Ewan VC, Sails AD, Walls AW. et al. Dental and microbiological risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-ventilated older patients. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (4): e0123622.
28. Moussa DG, Ahmad P, Mansour TA, Siqueira WL. Current State and Challenges of the Global Outcomes of Dental Caries Research in the Meta-Omics Era. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jun 17; 12: 887907. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887907. PMID: 35782115; PMCID: PMC9247192.
29. Contaldo M, D’Ambrosio F, Ferraro GA, Di Stasio D, Di Palo MP, Serpico R, Simeone M. Antibiotics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of the Evidence beyond the Myth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jun 1; 20 (11): 6025. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116025. PMID: 37297629; PMCID: PMC10252486.
30. Seminario-Amez M, López-López J, Estrugo-Devesa A, Ayuso-Montero R, Jané-Salas E. Probiotics and oral health: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017 May 1; 22 (3): e282–e288. DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21494. PMID: 28390121; PMCID: PMC5432076.
31. Meurman J.H., Stamatova I. Probiotics: contributions to oral health. Oral Dis. 13 (2007), pp. 443–451.
32. Sachelarie L, Scrobota I, Romanul I, Iurcov R, Potra Cicalau GI, Todor L. Probiotic Therapy as an Adjuvant in the Treatment of Periodontal Disease: An Innovative Approach. Medicina. 2025; 61 (1): 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61010126
33. Vinayamohan P, Joseph D, Viju LS, Baskaran SA, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation. 2024; 10 (12): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120599
34. Tagg JR, Harold LK, Hale JDF. Review of Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 in the Prevention and Modulation of Viral Infections. Applied Microbiology. 2025; 5 (1): 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5010007
35. Vinayamohan P, Joseph D, Viju LS, Baskaran SA, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation. 2024; 10 (12): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120599
36. Mu Q, Tavella VJ, Luo XM. Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front Microbiol. 2018 Apr 19; 9: 757. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00757. PMID: 29725324; PMCID: PMC5917019.
37. Vinayamohan P, Joseph D, Viju LS, Baskaran SA, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation. 2024; 10 (12): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120599
38. Vinayamohan P, Joseph D, Viju LS, Baskaran SA, Venkitanarayanan K. Efficacy of Probiotics in Reducing Pathogenic Potential of Infectious Agents. Fermentation. 2024; 10 (12): 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10120599
39. Gheisary Z, Mahmood R, Harri Shivanantham A, Liu J, Lieffers JRL, Papagerakis P, Papagerakis S. The Clinical, Microbiological, and Immunological Effects of Probiotic Supplementation on Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2022 Feb 28; 14 (5): 1036. DOI: 10.3390/nu14051036. PMID: 35268009; PMCID: PMC8912513.
40. Ryan O’Donnell, Richard Holliday, Nick Jakubovics, Ellie Benfield. Methods used to deliver adjunctive probiotic treatment during the non-surgical management of periodontitis: A scoping review. Journal of Dentistry. 2025; 155: 105623. ISSN 0300–5712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105623
41. Virk MS, Virk MA, He Y, Tufail T, Gul M, Qayum A, Rehman A, Rashid A, Ekumah J-N, Han X. et al. The Anti-Inflammatory and Curative Exponent of Probiotics: A Comprehensive and Authentic Ingredient for the Sustained Functioning of Major Human Organs. Nutrients. 2024; 16 (4): 546. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16040546
42. Bertuccioli A, Gervasi M, Annibalini G, Binato B, Perroni F, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Amatori S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 2; 14: 1129060. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060. PMID: 36936914; PMCID: PMC10019894.
43. Mu Q, Tavella VJ, Luo XM. Role of Lactobacillus reuteri in Human Health and Diseases. Front Microbiol. 2018 Apr 19; 9: 757. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00757. PMID: 29725324; PMCID: PMC5917019.
44. Saïz P., Taveira N., Alves R. Probiotics in Oral Health and Disease: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci. 2021; 11: 8070. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178070
45. Bertuccioli A, Gervasi M, Annibalini G, Binato B, Perroni F, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Amatori S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 2; 14: 1129060. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060. PMID: 36936914; PMCID: PMC10019894.
46. Tagg JR, Harold LK, Hale JDF. Review of Streptococcus salivarius BLIS K12 in the Prevention and Modulation of Viral Infections. Applied Microbiology. 2025; 5 (1): 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5010007
47. Bertuccioli A, Gervasi M, Annibalini G, Binato B, Perroni F, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Amatori S. Use of Streptococcus salivarius K12 in supporting the mucosal immune function of active young subjects: A randomised double-blind study. Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 2; 14: 1129060. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129060. PMID: 36936914; PMCID: PMC10019894.
48. Butt S, Sin M. Can probiotics prevent dental caries? Evid Based Dent. 2023 Sep; 24 (3): 130–131. DOI: 10.1038/s41432-023-00918-z. Epub 2023 Sep 5. PMID: 37670134.
49. Huang N, Li J, Qiao X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Li L. Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 20; 12 (12): e060753. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‑2022-060753. PMID: 36600415; PMCID: PMC9809225.
50. Talib E., Talib A., Najm A., Alzwghaibi A. (2025). The Effectiveness of probiotics in preventing and managing dental caries and gingival health in children aged 1–18 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microbes and Infectious Diseases. (In press). DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.348985.2421
51. Butt S, Sin M. Can probiotics prevent dental caries? Evid Based Dent. 2023 Sep; 24 (3): 130–131. DOI: 10.1038/s41432-023-00918-z. Epub 2023 Sep 5. PMID: 37670134.
52. Huang N, Li J, Qiao X, Wu Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Li L. Efficacy of probiotics in the management of halitosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 20; 12 (12): e060753. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen‑2022-060753. PMID: 36600415; PMCID: PMC9809225.
53. Lundtorp-Olsen C, Markvart M, Twetman S, Belstrøm D. Effect of Probiotic Supplements on the Oral Microbiota-A Narrative Review. Pathogens. 2024 May 16; 13 (5): 419. DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050419. PMID: 38787271; PMCID: PMC11124442.
54. Nazemian V., Shadnoush M., Manaheji H., Zaringhalam J. Probiotics and Inflammatory Pain: A Literature Review Study. Middle East J Rehabil Health Stud. 2016; 3 (2): e36087. https://doi.org/10.17795/mejrh‑36087
55. Braga VL, Rocha LPDS, Bernardo DD, Cruz CO, Riera R. What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about probiotics as preventive interventions? Sao Paulo Med J. 2017 Nov-Dec; 135 (6): 578–586. DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0310241017. PMID: 29267517; PMCID: PMC10016009.
56. Yang B, Li W, Shi J. Preventive effect of probiotics on oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Oral Health. 2024 Sep 29; 24 (1): 1159. DOI: 10.1186/s12903‑024‑04955‑7. PMID: 39343876; PMCID: PMC11441129.
Review
For citations:
Prokopenko E.V., Orlova S.V., Podoprigora I.V., Nikitina E.A., Gevorkyan A.A., Orlova A.A., Aydin E.E. Probiotics and oral microbiota: problems and prospects. Medical alphabet. 2025;1(19):80-85. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2025-19-80-85
Views:
29
Email this article 