PD-1/PD-L1 pathway at immunotherapy of renal cell carcinoma. Part 2. Functions of signal way PD-1/PD-L1 for immune system and immunotherapy

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma is highly refractory to conventional chemotherapy. The survival of tumor cell in several cases is assisted by overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules such as PD-L1 to avoid being attacked by the immune system. One of directions of contemporary immunotherapy is the blocking of checkpoint of immunity by antibodies. This part of review consideres meta-analysis of the literature describing PD-1 and its ligands as prognostic markers for choice of therapy for of renal cell carcinoma. The association between PD-L1 and prognosis seems to be more robust than for PD-1 and PD-L2. Soluble forms PD-1 and PD-L1, as markers of non-invasive diagnosis is examined. The characteristic of the drug acting on the PD-1/PD-L1 system is given. in the end the conclusion is about the most effective drugs such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab and their combinations is made. We also review the current progress in clinical trials, combination of drug therapy with immunotherapy, safety, and future of check point inhibitors PD-1/PD-L1.