medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2026-11-14-19medalphabet-5075Research ArticleСтатьиБазовая и расширенная сердечно-легочная реанимация у детей – рекомендации 2025Basic and extended cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children – recommendations 2025https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5525-2489ПоповО. Ю.PopovO. Yu.

Попов Олег Юрьевич, к.м.н., доцент кафедры медицины катастроф, доцент, и.о. заведующего кафедрой неотложной и тактической медицины медицинского института, директор

Москва;  Калуга 

Popov Oleg Yu., PhD Med Sci, associate professor at Dept of Disaster Medicine, associate professor, acting head of Dept of Emergency and Tactical Medicine, Medical Institute, Director

Moscow; Kaluga 

opopov@rambler.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6411-0709МитишВ. А.MitishV. A.

Митиш Валерий Афанасьевич, к.м.н., доцент, заведующий кафедрой медицины катастроф, заведующий отделом ран и раневых инфекций

Москва 

Mitish Valery A., PhD Med Sci, associate professor, head of Dept of Disaster Medicine, head of Dept of Wounds and Wound Infections

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8487-0905БородинаМ. А.BorodinaM. A.

Бородина Мария Александровна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры медицины катастроф

Москва

Borodina Maria A., Dr Med Sci (habil.), professor at Dept of Disaster Medicine 

Moscow 

borodinam@yandex.ruЮсуповО. КYusupovO. K.

Юсупов Одилджон Камилджонович, сотрудник 

Москва;  Калуга 

Yusupov Odildzhon K., employee 

Kaluga 

odiljonyusupov44@gmail.comМисинчукА. А.MisinchukA. A.

Мисинчук Андрей Андреевич, сотрудник 

Москва;  Калуга 

Misinchuk Andrey A., employee 

Kaluga 

misinchuk24@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-0671-5111КвятковскийЯ. В.KvyatkovskiyY. V.

Квятковский Ярослав Валерьевич, лаборант кафедры скорой медицинской помощи лечебного факультета

Москва

Kvyatkovskiy Yaroslav V., laboratory assistant at Dept of Emergency Medical Care, Faculty of Medicine

Moscow 

103mos@mail.ruФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН) Минздрава России ; ФГБОУ ВО «Калужский государственный университет им. К.Э. Циолковского» Минздрава России ; АНО «Центр экстренной медицинской помощи «Антониус Медвизион»РоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) ; Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky ; Antonius Medvision Emergency Medical CenterRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН) Минздрава России ; ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии имени А.В. Вишневского» Минздрава РоссииРоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University) ; A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of SurgeryRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы» (РУДН) Минздрава РоссииРоссияPeoples’ Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba (RUDN University)Russian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Калужский государственный университет им. К.Э. Циолковского» Минздрава России ; АНО «Центр экстренной медицинской помощи «Антониус Медвизион»РоссияKaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky ; Antonius Medvision Emergency Medical CenterRussian FederationНаучно-образовательный институт клинической медицины им. Н.А. Семашко ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.A. Semashko Research and Educational Institute of Clinical Medicine, Russian University of MedicineRussian Federation202604062026111Кардиология. Неотложная медицина (1)1419Copyright © Попов О.Ю., Митиш В.А., Бородина М.А., Юсупов О.К., Мисинчук А.А., Квятковский Я.В., 20262026Попов О.Ю., Митиш В.А., Бородина М.А., Юсупов О.К., Мисинчук А.А., Квятковский Я.В.Popov O.Y., Mitish V.A., Borodina M.A., Yusupov O.K., Misinchuk A.A., Kvyatkovskiy Y.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/5075

Современные международные рекомендации по сердечно-легочной реанимации (СЛР) все более акцентируют внимание на индивидуализированном, физиологически ориентированном подходе к ведению пациентов после остановки сердца. В обновленных протоколах расширенной поддержки жизни у детей Европейского совета по реанимации (ERC PALS, 2025) подтверждена ключевая роль качественной СЛР как основы успешного исхода. Подчеркивается необходимость поддержания оптимальной частоты и глубины компрессий грудной клетки, минимизации перерывов между ними и предотвращения гипервентиляции. При этом внимание смещается на достижение целевых физиологических параметров – прежде всего диастолического давления (≥25 мм рт. ст. у младенцев и ≥30 мм рт. ст. у детей старше года) и концентрации углекислого газа в конце выдоха (ETCO2) как маркеров эффективности СЛР. Ряд нововведений касается сроков и последовательности введения адреналина, приоритетности быстрой дефибрилляции при шоковых ритмах, а также ведения постреанимационного периода, где основным направлением стало активное предотвращение гипертермии (поддержание температуры ≤37,5 °C) и поддержание артериального давления выше 10-го перцентиля для возраста. Новые данные подчеркивают необходимость многофакторного неврологического прогнозирования, исключающего зависимость от одного изолированного теста. Таким образом, новые руководства Американской ассоциации сердца и Американской академии педиатрии (AHA/AAP) направлены на повышение эффективности СЛР, персонализацию постреанимационного ухода и улучшение долгосрочных неврологических исходов у педиатрических пациентов.

Modern international guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) increasingly emphasize an individualized, physiologically oriented approach to managing patients after cardiac arrest. The updated protocols for advanced life support in children by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC PALS, 2025) confirm the key role of high-quality CPR as the basis for a successful outcome. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining an optimal frequency and depth of chest compressions, minimizing interruptions, and preventing hyperventilation. At the same time, attention is shifting to achieving target physiological parameters, primarily diastolic pressure (≥25 mmHg in infants and ≥30 mmHg in children over one year of age) and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) as markers of CPR effectiveness. A number of innovations concern the timing and sequence of adrenaline administration, the priority of rapid defibrillation in shock rhythms, and the management of the post-resuscitation period, where the main focus has been on actively preventing hyperthermia (maintaining a temperature of ≤37.5 °C) and maintaining blood pressure above the 10th percentile for age. The new data highlights the need for a multifactorial neurological prediction that does not rely on a single isolated test. Thus, the new guidelines from the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AHA/AAP) aim to improve the effectiveness of CPR, personalize post-resuscitation care, and enhance long- term neurological outcomes in pediatric patients.

скорая медицинская помощьсердечно-легочная реанимациядетирекомендацииemergency medical carecardiopulmonary resuscitationchildrenrecommendationsReferencesMathias J. Holmberg, MD, MPH, Sebastian Wiberg, MD, PhD, Catherine E. Ross, MD, Monica Kleinman, MD, Anne Kirstine Hoeyer-Nielsen, BSc, Michael W. Donnino, MD, and Lars W. Andersen, MD, MPH, PhD, DMSc Trends in Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041667Mathias J. Holmberg, MD, MPH, Sebastian Wiberg, MD, PhD, Catherine E. Ross, MD, Monica Kleinman, MD, Anne Kirstine Hoeyer-Nielsen, BSc, Michael W. Donnino, MD, and Lars W. Andersen, MD, MPH, PhD, DMSc Trends in Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States). https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041667Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA, Chair, Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD, FAHA, Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA, Marcio S. Bittencourt, MD, PhD, MPH, Clifton W. Callaway, MD, FAHA, April P. Carson, PhD, MSPH, FAHA, Alanna M. Chamberlain Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics‑2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001370#R6Salim S. Virani, MD, PhD, FAHA, Chair, Alvaro Alonso, MD, PhD, FAHA, Emelia J. Benjamin, MD, ScM, FAHA, Marcio S. Bittencourt, MD, PhD, MPH, Clifton W. Callaway, MD, FAHA, April P. Carson, PhD, MSPH, FAHA, Alanna M. Chamberlain Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics‑2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001370#R6Jana Djakow Nigel McBeth Turnerd Sophie Skellett∙Inge Roggenp Dominique Biarent European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Paediatric Life Support https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(25)00279–5/fulltextJana Djakow Nigel McBeth Turnerd Sophie Skellett∙Inge Roggenp Dominique Biarent European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Paediatric Life Support https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(25)00279–5/fulltextJoyner BL, Dewan M, Bavare A, de Caen A, DiMaria K, Donofrio-Odmann J, Fosse G, Haskell S, Mahgoub M, Meckler G, Requist J, Schexnayder SM, Olech Smith M, Werho D, Raymond TT. Part 6: pediatric basic life support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/pediatric-basic-life-support?#4r6Joyner BL, Dewan M, Bavare A, de Caen A, DiMaria K, Donofrio-Odmann J, Fosse G, Haskell S, Mahgoub M, Meckler G, Requist J, Schexnayder SM, Olech Smith M, Werho D, Raymond TT. Part 6: pediatric basic life support: 2025 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. https://cpr.heart.org/en/resuscitation-science/cpr-and-ecc-guidelines/pediatric-basic-life-support?#4r6R. Lubranoa∙ C. Cecchettid, ∙ E. Bellellia ∙ S. Rugolottof, g ∙ N. Pirozzid ∙ M. Elli Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: A randomized trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.04.011R. Lubranoa∙ C. Cecchettid, ∙ E. Bellellia ∙ S. Rugolottof, g ∙ N. Pirozzid ∙ M. Elli Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: A randomized trial. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.04.011Huda M Ashoor, Erin Lillie, Wasifa Zarin, Ba’ Pham, Paul A Khan, Vera Nincic, Fatemeh Yazdi, Marco Ghassemi, John Ivory, Roberta Cardoso, Gavin D Perkins, Allan R de Caen, Andrea C Tricco. Effectiveness of different compression-to-ventilation methods for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review. PMID: 28583860 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.032. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28583860/Huda M Ashoor, Erin Lillie, Wasifa Zarin, Ba’ Pham, Paul A Khan, Vera Nincic, Fatemeh Yazdi, Marco Ghassemi, John Ivory, Roberta Cardoso, Gavin D Perkins, Allan R de Caen, Andrea C Tricco. Effectiveness of different compression-to-ventilation methods for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: A systematic review. PMID: 28583860 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.05.032. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28583860/Ian G Jacobs, Judith C Finn, Harry F Oxer, George A Jelinek CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized trial. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742–6723.2005.00694.xIan G Jacobs, Judith C Finn, Harry F Oxer, George A Jelinek CPR before defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A randomized trial. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742–6723.2005.00694.xDelphine Lavignasse ∙ Sabine Lemoine ∙ Sarah Ménétré ∙ Jean-Philippe Didon ∙ Daniel Jost ∙ Xavier Jouven Improved survival to hospital discharge in paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest using 2 Joules/kilogram as first defibrillation dose for initial pulseless ventricular arrhythmia. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.042. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(20)30566–9/fulltextDelphine Lavignasse ∙ Sabine Lemoine ∙ Sarah Ménétré ∙ Jean-Philippe Didon ∙ Daniel Jost ∙ Xavier Jouven Improved survival to hospital discharge in paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest using 2 Joules/kilogram as first defibrillation dose for initial pulseless ventricular arrhythmia. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.042. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(20)30566–9/fulltextEnergy doses for paediatric defibrillation in cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis., Jason Acworth et al., Resusc Plus. 2025 (ILCOR review). DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100991Energy doses for paediatric defibrillation in cardiac arrest: systematic review and meta-analysis., Jason Acworth et al., Resusc Plus. 2025 (ILCOR review). DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100991Delphine Lavignasse Sabine Lemoine Sarah Ménétré Jean-Philippe Didon Daniel Jost Xavier Jouven Improved survival to hospital discharge in paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest using 2 Joules/kilogram as first defibrillation dose for initial pulseless ventricular arrhythmia. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.042. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(20)30566–9/fulltextDelphine Lavignasse Sabine Lemoine Sarah Ménétré Jean-Philippe Didon Daniel Jost Xavier Jouven Improved survival to hospital discharge in paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest using 2 Joules/kilogram as first defibrillation dose for initial pulseless ventricular arrhythmia. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.042. https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(20)30566–9/fulltextMatthew L. Hansen ∙ Amber Lina ∙ Carl Eriksson ∙ Dana Zive ∙ Craig Newgard A comparison of pediatric airway management techniques during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the CARES database. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.015 https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(17)30342–8/abstractMatthew L. Hansen ∙ Amber Lina ∙ Carl Eriksson ∙ Dana Zive ∙ Craig Newgard A comparison of pediatric airway management techniques during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the CARES database. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.015 https://www.resuscitationjournal.com/article/S0300–9572(17)30342–8/abstractAssociation Between Tracheal Intubation During Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Survival. JAMA Published Online: November 1, 20162016; 316; (17): 1786–1797. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14486. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2565184Association Between Tracheal Intubation During Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Survival. JAMA Published Online: November 1, 20162016; 316; (17): 1786–1797. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.14486. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2565184Lin YR, Li CJ, Huang CC, Lee TH, Chen TY, Yang MC, et al. Early Epinephrine Improves the Stabilization of Initial Post-resuscitation Hemodynamics in Children With Non-shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:220. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00220. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2019.00220/fullLin YR, Li CJ, Huang CC, Lee TH, Chen TY, Yang MC, et al. Early Epinephrine Improves the Stabilization of Initial Post-resuscitation Hemodynamics in Children With Non-shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Front Pediatr. 2019;7:220. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00220. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2019.00220/fullAndersen LW, Berg KM, Saindon BZ, et al. Time to Epinephrine and Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA. 2015; 314 (8): 802–810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9678Andersen LW, Berg KM, Saindon BZ, et al. Time to Epinephrine and Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA. 2015; 314 (8): 802–810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9678Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Hemodynamic-directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrest: rationale and evidence. Pediatrics. 2017; 139 (3): e20162657. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016–2657Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Hemodynamic-directed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric cardiac arrest: rationale and evidence. Pediatrics. 2017; 139 (3): e20162657. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016–2657Wang HE, Seitz SR, Sulzbach KL, et al. Epinephrine absorption and hemodynamic effects during endotracheal administration in pediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2011; 82 (10): 1349–1354. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.05.020Wang HE, Seitz SR, Sulzbach KL, et al. Epinephrine absorption and hemodynamic effects during endotracheal administration in pediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2011; 82 (10): 1349–1354. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.05.020Berg RA, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Association Between Diastolic Blood Pressure During Pediatric CPR and Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Circulation. 2019; 139 (25): 2881–2891. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039320Berg RA, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Association Between Diastolic Blood Pressure During Pediatric CPR and Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Circulation. 2019; 139 (25): 2881–2891. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039320Valdes SO, Donoghue AJ, Hoyme DB, et al. Outcomes Associated With Delayed Defibrillation in Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 2014; 130 (6): 469–476. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008248Valdes SO, Donoghue AJ, Hoyme DB, et al. Outcomes Associated With Delayed Defibrillation in Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 2014; 130 (6): 469–476. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008248Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Pediatric Defibrillation: A Review of Safety, Efficacy, and Energy Dose. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (3): 299–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.019Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Pediatric Defibrillation: A Review of Safety, Efficacy, and Energy Dose. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (3): 299–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.019Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. NEJM. 2015; 372: 1898–1908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa141148Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. NEJM. 2015; 372: 1898–1908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa141148Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, et al. CPR quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital. Circulation. 2013; 128 (4): 417–435. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001168Meaney PA, Bobrow BJ, Mancini ME, et al. CPR quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital. Circulation. 2013; 128 (4): 417–435. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001168Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J, et al. Compression interruption during prehospital defibrillation and survival in ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (6): 58–66. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006595Cheskes S, Schmicker RH, Christenson J, et al. Compression interruption during prehospital defibrillation and survival in ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2011; 124 (6): 58–66. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.006595Atkins DL, Berger S, Duff JP, et al. Pediatric defibrillation: current status and recommendations. Circulation. 2006; 114 (25): 2760–2773. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.633618Atkins DL, Berger S, Duff JP, et al. Pediatric defibrillation: current status and recommendations. Circulation. 2006; 114 (25): 2760–2773. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.633618Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Pediatric Defibrillation: Energy Dose, Electrode Placement, and Outcomes. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (3): 299–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.019Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Pediatric Defibrillation: Energy Dose, Electrode Placement, and Outcomes. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (3): 299–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.019Berg RA, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Association Between Diastolic Blood Pressure During Pediatric CPR and Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Circulation. 2019; 139 (25): 2881–2891. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039320Berg RA, Sutton RM, Reeder RW, et al. Association Between Diastolic Blood Pressure During Pediatric CPR and Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Circulation. 2019; 139 (25): 2881–2891. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039320Topjian AA, Berg RA, Donoghue AJ, et al. Association of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide With Outcomes in Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 2012; 126 (22): 2626–2633. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.119256Topjian AA, Berg RA, Donoghue AJ, et al. Association of End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide With Outcomes in Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 2012; 126 (22): 2626–2633. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.119256Schultz TR, White RD, Stohr EJ, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide as an early indicator of return of spontaneous circulation during pediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (10): 1397–1402. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.005Schultz TR, White RD, Stohr EJ, et al. End-tidal carbon dioxide as an early indicator of return of spontaneous circulation during pediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2013; 84 (10): 1397–1402. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.005Topjian AA, Schleien CL, Nadkarni VM, et al. Low end-tidal CO2 during pediatric CPR is associated with poor survival. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2010; 11 (2): 154–160. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b5d041Topjian AA, Schleien CL, Nadkarni VM, et al. Low end-tidal CO2 during pediatric CPR is associated with poor survival. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2010; 11 (2): 154–160. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181b5d041Barton ED, Colwell CB, Wolfe T, et al. Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005; 29 (3): 265–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.03.007Barton ED, Colwell CB, Wolfe T, et al. Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2005; 29 (3): 265–271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.03.007Kerr D, Dietze P, Kelly AM, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Addiction. 2009; 104 (12): 2067–2074. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360–0443.2009.02724.xKerr D, Dietze P, Kelly AM, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Addiction. 2009; 104 (12): 2067–2074. DOI: 10.1111/j.1360–0443.2009.02724.xTobias JD. Naloxone use in children. Pediatrics. 1996; 98 (5): 1065–1066.Tobias JD. Naloxone use in children. Pediatrics. 1996; 98 (5): 1065–1066.Therapeutic Hypothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 372: 1898–1908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411480Therapeutic Hypothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 372: 1898–1908. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411480Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376: 318–329. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1610493Moler FW, Silverstein FS, Holubkov R, et al. Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 376: 318–329. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1610493Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Early postresuscitation hypotension is associated with increased mortality following pediatric cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 42 (6): 1518–1523. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000216Topjian AA, Berg RA, Nadkarni VM, et al. Early postresuscitation hypotension is associated with increased mortality following pediatric cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 42 (6): 1518–1523. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000216

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.