<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2025-23-74-79</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-4663</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эффективность комплексного применения СО2‑лазера и транексамовой кислоты в лечении мелазмы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Efficiency of complex application of СО2 laser and tranexamic acid in the treatment of melasma</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0930-1229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логачева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Logacheva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Логачева Наталья Сергеевна, соискатель ученой степени кандидата наук кафедры дерматовенерологии и косметологии; врач‑дерматолог, косметолог </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Logacheva Natalia S., candidate for the academic degree of candidate ofsciences at Dept of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology; dermatologist, cosmetologist</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.logacheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8719-8619</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарова Алиса Александровна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры дерматовенерологии и косметологии; доцент кафедры реконструктивной и пластической хирургии, косметологии и клеточных технологий; научный руководитель</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sharova Alisa A., DM Sci (habil.), professor at Dept of Dermatovenereology andCosmetology; associate professor at Dept of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery,Cosmetology, and Cellular Technologies; scientific supervisor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aleca@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-6563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шатохина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shatokhina</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шатохина Евгения Афанасьевна, д.м.н., профессор кафедры дерматовенерологии и косметологии; ведущий научный сотрудник отдела внутренних болезней</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Shatokhina Evgeniya A., DM Sci (habil.), professor at Dept of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology; leading researcher at Dept of Internal Medicine</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.a.shatokhina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации;&#13;
ООО «Клиника эстетической медицины „Чистые пруды“»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Aesthetic medical clinic “Chistiye prudy”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России (Пироговский университет);&#13;
ООО «Клиника эстетической медицины „Чистые пруды“»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation;&#13;
N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (Pirogov University);&#13;
Aesthetic medical clinic “Chistiye prudy”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации;&#13;
ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова» обособленное подразделение Медицинский научно-образовательный институт МГУ  (Университетская клиника МГУ)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation;&#13;
Medical Scientific and Educational Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>23</issue><issue-title>Дерматология (2)</issue-title><fpage>74</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Логачева Н.С., Шарова А.А., Шатохина Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Логачева Н.С., Шарова А.А., Шатохина Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Logacheva N.S., Sharova A.A., Shatokhina E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4663">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4663</self-uri><abstract><p>Мелазма – это распространенное хроническое рецидивирующее нарушение пигментации, обусловленное избыточным отложением меланина в эпидермальном и дермальном слое кожи. Тактика лечения мелазмы представляет сложную задачу, поскольку зависит от степени тяжести заболевания и индивидуальных особенностей пациента. Одним из эффективных методов лечения мелазмы является комбинированное применение лазерной терапии и местного нанесения транексамовой кислоты, которая обладает свойством уменьшать активность меланогенеза.Цель исследования. Сравнить эффективность и безопасность лечения мелазмы с помощью монотерапии СО2‑лазером с комбинированным применением лазерной терапии и местного нанесения транексамовой кислоты.Материалы и методы. В исследование было включено 20 пациентов, 10 из которых проводили 3 комбинированные процедуры фракционного фототермолиза с помощью СО2‑лазера (10600 нм) с последующим нанесением 5% раствора транексамовой кислоты с интервалом 4 недели. Другим 10 пациентам проводили только процедуру на СО2‑лазере с той же периодичностью. В качестве методов количественной оценки использовался индекс площади и тяжести мелазмы MASI (Melasma Area and Severity Index), мексаметрия, индекс оценки качества жизни пациентов с мелазмой MELASQOL (The Melasma Quality of Life scale). Также в качестве клинического метода оценки проводилась с помощью аппарата 3D‑визуализации и диагностики кожи «Antera».Выводы. Применение СО2‑лазера с последующим нанесением 5 % раствора транексамовой кислоты показало более высокую эффективность, чем только лазерная терапия.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Melasma is a common, chronic, and recurrent pigmentation disorder caused by excessive melanin deposition in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. The treatment strategy for melasma presents a complex challenge, as it depends on the severity of the condition and the individual characteristics of the patient. One effective method for treating melasma is the combined use of laser therapy and the topical application of tranexamic acid, which has the property of reducing melanogenesis activity.Objective. To compare the efficacy and safety of melasma treatment using CO2-laser monotherapy versus a combination of laser therapy and the topical application of tranexamic acid.Materials and methods. The study included 20 patients, 10 of whom underwent three combined procedures of fractional photothermolysis using a CO2‑aser (10600 nm) followed by the application of a 5% tranexamic acid solution at 4‑week intervals. The other 10 patients received only the CO2‑laser procedure at the same intervals. Quantitative assessment methods included the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI), mexametry, and the Melasma Quality of Life scale (MELASQOL). Clinical evaluation was also performed using the «Antera» 3D skin imaging and diagnostic device.Conclusions. The use of a CO3‑laser followed by the application of a 5% tranexamic acid solution demonstrated greater effectiveness compared to laser therapy alone.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мелазма</kwd><kwd>гиперпигментация</kwd><kwd>транексамовая кислота</kwd><kwd>СО2‑лазер</kwd><kwd>фракционная шлифовка</kwd><kwd>лазер‑ассоциированное введение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>melasma</kwd><kwd>hyperpigmentation</kwd><kwd>tranexamic acid</kwd><kwd>СО2‑laser</kwd><kwd>fractional resurfacing</kwd><kwd>laser‑assisted drug delivery</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Общероссийская общественная организация «Российское общество дерматовенерологов и косметологов»: хлоазма, 2022 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">All-Russian public organization «Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists»: chloasma, 2022. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стенько А. Г., Иконникова Е. В., Круглова Л. С. Современный терапевтический подход к коррекции гиперпигментации. Пластическая хирургия и эстетическая медицина, 2020 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stenko A.G., Ikonnikova E.V., Kruglova L.S. Modern therapeutic approach to hyperpigmentation correction. Plastic surgery and aesthetic medicine, 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Эрнандес Е.И., Пигментация в практике косметолога, Косметика и медицина, 2020 г.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hernandez E. I., Pigmentation in the practice of a cosmetologist, Cosmetics and Medicine, 2020. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu J.W. et al. Tranexamic Acid Inhibits Angiogenesis and Melanogenesis in Vitro by Targeting VEGF Receptors. Int J Med Sci 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu J.W. et al. Tranexamic Acid Inhibits Angiogenesis and Melanogenesis in Vitro by Targeting VEGF Receptors. Int J Med Sci 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konisky H, Balazic E, Jaller JA, et al. Tranexamic acid in melasma: A focused review on drug administration routes. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023 Apr; 22 (4): 1197–1206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konisky H, Balazic E, Jaller JA, et al. Tranexamic acid in melasma: A focused review on drug administration routes. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023 Apr; 22 (4): 1197–1206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tse T.W., Hui E. Tranexamic acid: an important adjuvant in the treatment of melаsma. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2013; 12: 57–66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tse T.W., Hui E. Tranexamic acid: an important adjuvant in the treatment of melаsma. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2013; 12: 57–66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xing X., Xu Z., Chen L., et al. Tranexamic acid inhibits melanogenesis partially via stimulation of TGF β1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31 (4): 633–640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xing X., Xu Z., Chen L., et al. Tranexamic acid inhibits melanogenesis partially via stimulation of TGF β1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31 (4): 633–640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng J, Shen S, Song X. et al. Efficacy and safety of laser assisted delivery of tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2022 Nov 17; 24 (6–8): 73–79.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng J, Shen S, Song X. et al. Efficacy and safety of laser assisted delivery of tranexamic acid for the treatment of melasma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2022 Nov 17; 24 (6–8): 73–79.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan QA, Abdi P, Farkouh C et al. Effectiveness of laser and topical tranexamic acid combination therapy in melasma: An updated systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lasers Med Sci. 2023 Jun 16; 38 (1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan QA, Abdi P, Farkouh C et al. Effectiveness of laser and topical tranexamic acid combination therapy in melasma: An updated systematic review and meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lasers Med Sci. 2023 Jun 16; 38 (1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jow T, Hantash BM. Hydroquinone induced depigmentation: case report and review of the literature. Dermatitis. 2014 Jan Feb; 25 (1): e1–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jow T, Hantash BM. Hydroquinone induced depigmentation: case report and review of the literature. Dermatitis. 2014 Jan Feb; 25 (1): e1–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shivaram K, Edwards K, Mohammad TF. An update on the safety of hydroquinone. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024 Jun 8; 316 (7): 378.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shivaram K, Edwards K, Mohammad TF. An update on the safety of hydroquinone. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024 Jun 8; 316 (7): 378.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ribeiro Gonçalves O, de Souza MCF, Rocha AV, et al. Assessing the efficacy of oral Tranexamic Acid as adjuvant of Topic Triple Combination Cream Therapy in Melasma: A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2024 Jun 8: llae 226.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ribeiro Gonçalves O, de Souza MCF, Rocha AV, et al. Assessing the efficacy of oral Tranexamic Acid as adjuvant of Topic Triple Combination Cream Therapy in Melasma: A Meta Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2024 Jun 8: llae 226.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Sugiyama D et al. Tranexamic acid inhibits the plasma and non irradiated skin markers of photoaging induced by long term UVA eye irradiation in female mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Nov; 107: 54–58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiramoto K, Yamate Y, Sugiyama D et al. Tranexamic acid inhibits the plasma and non irradiated skin markers of photoaging induced by long term UVA eye irradiation in female mice. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Nov; 107: 54–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sklar L.R. et al. Laser assisted drug delivery: a review of an evolving technology. Lasers Surg. 2014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sklar L.R. et al. Laser assisted drug delivery: a review of an evolving technology. Lasers Surg. 2014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Searle T, Ali FR, Al Niaimi F. Lessons Learned from the First Decade of Laser Assisted Drug Delivery. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021 Feb;11(1):93–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Searle T, Ali FR, Al Niaimi F. Lessons Learned from the First Decade of Laser Assisted Drug Delivery. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2021 Feb;11(1):93–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tawfic SO, Abdel Halim DM, Albarbary A et al. Assessment of combined fractional CO2 and tranexamic acid in melasma treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Jan; 51 (1): 27–33.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tawfic SO, Abdel Halim DM, Albarbary A et al. Assessment of combined fractional CO2 and tranexamic acid in melasma treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2019 Jan; 51 (1): 27–33.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tawfic SO, Abdel Hay RM, Abouelazm DI et al. Tranexamic Acid Microinjection Alone Versus Its Combination With Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser in Melasma Treatment: A Dermoscopic Evaluation. Dermatol Surg. 2022 May 1; 48 (5): 556–561</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tawfic SO, Abdel Hay RM, Abouelazm DI et al. Tranexamic Acid Microinjection Alone Versus Its Combination With Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser in Melasma Treatment: A Dermoscopic Evaluation. Dermatol Surg. 2022 May 1; 48 (5): 556–561</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haedersdal M. et al. Fractional CO2 laser assisted drug delivery. Lasers Surg Med. 2010 19. Bloom B.S., Brauer J.A., Geronemus R.G. Ablative fractional resurfacing in topical drug delivery: an update and outlook. Dermatol. Surg. 2013; 39: 839–848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haedersdal M. et al. Fractional CO2 laser assisted drug delivery. Lasers Surg Med. 2010 19. Bloom B.S., Brauer J.A., Geronemus R.G. Ablative fractional resurfacing in topical drug delivery: an update and outlook. Dermatol. Surg. 2013; 39: 839–848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brauer J.A., Krakowski A.C., Bloom B.S. et al. Convergence of anatomy, technology, and therapeutics: a review of laser assisted drug delivers. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2014; 33:176–181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brauer J.A., Krakowski A.C., Bloom B.S. et al. Convergence of anatomy, technology, and therapeutics: a review of laser assisted drug delivers. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2014; 33:176–181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoud B.H., Burnett C., Ozog D. Prospective Randomized Controlled Study to Determine the Effect of Topical Application of Botulinum Toxin A for Crow's Feet After Treatment With Ablative Fractional CO2 Laser. Dermatol. Surg. 2015; 41: S75–S81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoud B.H., Burnett C., Ozog D. Prospective Randomized Controlled Study to Determine the Effect of Topical Application of Botulinum Toxin A for Crow's Feet After Treatment With Ablative Fractional CO2 Laser. Dermatol. Surg. 2015; 41: S75–S81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qu Y, Wang F, Liu J, Xia X. Clinical observation and dermoscopy evaluation of fractional CO2 laser combined with topical tranexamic acid in melasma treatments. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20 (4): 1110–1116.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qu Y, Wang F, Liu J, Xia X. Clinical observation and dermoscopy evaluation of fractional CO2 laser combined with topical tranexamic acid in melasma treatments. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20 (4): 1110–1116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mekawy KMM, Sadek A, Seddeik Abdel Hameed AK. Micro needling versus fractional carbon dioxide laser for deliv ery of tranexamic acid in the treatment of melasma: A split face study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20 (2): 460–465.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mekawy KMM, Sadek A, Seddeik Abdel Hameed AK. Micro needling versus fractional carbon dioxide laser for deliv ery of tranexamic acid in the treatment of melasma: A split face study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021; 20 (2): 460–465.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neeley MR, Pearce FB, Collawn SS. Successful treatment of ma lar dermal melasma with a fractional ablative CO2 laser in a pa tient with type V skin. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2010; 12 (6): 258–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neeley MR, Pearce FB, Collawn SS. Successful treatment of ma lar dermal melasma with a fractional ablative CO2 laser in a pa tient with type V skin. J Cosmet Laser Ther. 2010; 12 (6): 258–260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim HJ, Moon SH, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta analysis and System atic Review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017; 97 (7): 776–781.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim HJ, Moon SH, Cho SH, Lee JD, Kim HS. Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta analysis and System atic Review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2017; 97 (7): 776–781.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgado RE, Torre Mde L. Use of fractional laser in mixed race patients. Facial Plast Surg. 2013; 29 (3): 161–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgado RE, Torre Mde L. Use of fractional laser in mixed race patients. Facial Plast Surg. 2013; 29 (3): 161–166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arora P, Sarkar R, Garg VK, Arya L. Lasers for treatment of me lasma and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Cutan Aes thet Surg. 2012; 5 (2): 93–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arora P, Sarkar R, Garg VK, Arya L. Lasers for treatment of me lasma and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation. J Cutan Aes thet Surg. 2012; 5 (2): 93–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pandya AG, Hynan LS, Bhore R et al. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jan;64 (1): 78–83, 83.e1–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pandya AG, Hynan LS, Bhore R et al. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Jan;64 (1): 78–83, 83.e1–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balkrishnan R, McMichael AJ, Camacho FT et al. Development and validation of a health related quality of life instrument for women with melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Sep; 149 (3): 572–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balkrishnan R, McMichael AJ, Camacho FT et al. Development and validation of a health related quality of life instrument for women with melasma. Br J Dermatol. 2003 Sep; 149 (3): 572–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
