medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2025-15-26-30medalphabet-4460Research ArticleСтатьиПостковидные когнитивные нарушения, факторы риска их развития и диагностические биомаркерыPostcovid cognitive decline, its risk factors and diagnostic biomarkershttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1478-6580МихееваА. Г.MikheevaА. G.

Михеева Анна Геннадьевна, врач-невролог, аспирант кафедры неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования

Санкт-Петербург

Mikheeva Anna G., postgraduate student at Dept of Neurology with the Clinic, Medical Education Institute

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4441-1165АлексееваТ. М.AlekseevaT. M.

Алексеева Татьяна Михайловна, д.м.н., зав. кафедрой неврологии с клиникой Института медицинского образования

 

Санкт-Петербург

Alekseeva Tatyana M., DM Sci (habil.), head of Dept of Neurology with the Clinic, Medical Education Institute

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research CentreRussian Federation202526072025015«Неврология и психиатрия» (2)2630Copyright © Михеева А.Г., Алексеева Т.М., 20252025Михеева А.Г., Алексеева Т.М.Mikheeva А.G., Alekseeva T.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4460

Когнитивные нарушения (КН) являются важным проявлением как острого периода COVID-19, так и постковидного синдрома, характеризуются снижением памяти, внимания и расстройством исполнительных функций, которые могут сохраняться или усиливаться спустя месяцы после перенесенной инфекции. Факторы риска развития постковидных КН (ПКН) включают пожилой возраст, женский пол, низкий образовательный и социально-экономический статус, длительную социальную изоляцию, тяжелое течение COVID-19, применение некоторых лекарственных препаратов и сопутствующие заболевания, включая деменцию и патологию сердечно-сосудистой системы. Вакцинация от COVID-19 рассматривается как эффективный способ предотвращения ПКН. Диагностика ПКН основывается на изучении биомаркеров в крови и цереброспинальной жидкости (ЦСЖ), нейровизуализации и нейрофизиологических данных. При наличии ПКН в крови и ЦСЖ могут обнаруживаться антинейрональные антитела, выявляются структурные изменения мозга (уменьшение толщины серого вещества и повреждение тканей в областях памяти и внимания), снижение метаболизма глюкозы в ключевых зонах мозга (по данным ПЭТ-сканирования) и изменения электрической активности мозга (по данным ЭЭГ). КН представляют серьезную проблему для мирового здравоохранения, усугубленную пандемией COVID-19, что требует комплексного подхода к совершенствованию методов диагностики, лечения и реабилитации пациентов.

Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the main symptoms of both the acute period of COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome, manifested by memory, attention and executive functions decline, which may persist or worsen months after infection. Risk factors for developing postcovid CI (PCI) include old age, female gender, low educational and socio-economic status, prolonged social isolation, severe COVID-19, use of certain medications, and concomitant diseases such as dementia and cardiovascular diseases. Vaccination against COVID-19 is considered as an effective way to prevent PCI. Diagnosis of PCI is based on the study of biomarkers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), neuroimaging and neurophysiological data. Studies have revealed a link between cognitive impairment and the presence of antineuronal antibodies in the blood and CSF, structural changes in the brain (decrease in gray matter thickness and tissue damage in memory and attention areas), decreased glucose metabolism in key areas of the brain (according to PET scans) and abnormalities in brain electrical activity (according to EEG data). PCI is a serious problem for global health, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires a comprehensive approach to the study, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.