medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2024-33-26-30medalphabet-4150Research ArticleСтатьиНарушения биомеханики ходьбы и деформации стопDisorders of biomechanics of walking and foot deformationhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1763-4416ЖуковаЕ. В.ZhukovaE. V.

Жукова Екатерина Владимировна, аспирант кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации

Москва

Zhukova Ekaterina V., postgraduate student at Dept of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-7265ПолукаровН. В.PolukarovN. V.

Полукаров Николай Викторович, к.м.н., доцент кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации

Москва

Polukarov Nikolay V., PhD Med, associate professor at Dept of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-795XМорозенковаЕ. М.MorozenkovaE. M.

Морозенкова Екатерина Михайловна, старший лаборант кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации

Москва

Morozenkova Ekaterina M., senior laboratory assistant at Dept of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation

Moscow

https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8778-7244КуклевА. Д.KuklevA. D.

Куклев Александр Дмитриевич, врач-ординатор кафедры спортивной медицины и медицинской реабилитации

Москва

Kuklev Aleksander D., resident physician at Dept of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation

Moscow

kuklev_a@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-7019-3799ВолковаМ. В.V.M. V.

Волкова Мария Васильевна, студентка 3-го курса лечебного факультета

Москва

Volkova Maria V., 3rd year student at Medical Faculty

Moscow

ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет)РоссияSechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202424012025033«Неврология и психиатрия» (4)2630Copyright © Жукова Е.В., Полукаров Н.В., Морозенкова Е.М., Куклев А.Д., Волкова М.В., 20252025Жукова Е.В., Полукаров Н.В., Морозенкова Е.М., Куклев А.Д., Волкова М.В.Zhukova E.V., Polukarov N.V., Morozenkova E.M., Kuklev A.D., V. M.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4150

Походка является двигательным актом, необходимым для выполнения повседневных задач и социального взаимодействия, более того, она является важным психоэмоциональным фактором, влияющим на нормальное развитие человека. К сегодняшнему дню мы имеем множество исследований и гипотез о том, как, когда и каким образом формируется этот сложнейший навык. В данном обзоре представлены современные научные данные по этому вопросу. В статье отражена нормальная биомеханика походки и цикл ходьбы в норме, факторы, влияющие на развитие походки, а также различные ее патологические формы, приводящие к деформациям костномышечной системы и заболеваниям, вызывающим их.

Gait is a motor act which is necessary to do everyday tasks and social interaction. Moreover, it is an important psycho-emotional factor affecting the normal development of person. Nowadays we have a lot of research and hypotheses about when and how the most complex locomotor skill is formed. We made this review summarizing various Russian and foreign publications on this topic over the past 5–10 years to show modern scientific ideas in this field. The review represents the normal biomechanics of gait and the walking cycle in healthy people, factors which affect the development of gait in children, as well as its various pathological forms which may cause some deformities of the musculoskeletal system and diseases. Gait is the most complex cyclic process of interaction between biological mechanisms and social factors of human life. The hereditary and own biological aspects have an influence on gait formation, as well as the character, temperament, profession and upbringing of the child affect the gait biomechanics and the gait pathology in children.

походкабиомеханика походкицикл ходьбыпатологияпатологическая походкаGaitgait biomechanicsthe gait cyclepathologypathological gaitReferencesБернштейн Н.А. Физиология движений и активность. Москва: Наука, 1990. 373 с.Bernstein N.A. Physiology of Movements and Activity. Moscow: Nauka, 1990. 373 p. (In Russ.).Teulier C., Lee D.K., Ulrich B.D. Early gait development in human infants: Plasticity and clinical applications. Developmental Psychobiology. 2015; 57 (4): 447-458. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21291Teulier C., Lee D.K., Ulrich B.D. Early gait development in human infants: Plasticity and clinical applications. Developmental Psychobiology. 2015; 57 (4): 447-458. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21291Thelen E., Fisher D., Ridley-Johnson R. The relationship between physical growth and a newborn reflex. Infant Behavior and Development. 1984; 7 (4): 479-493. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383 (84) 800077Thelen E., Fisher D., Ridley-Johnson R. The relationship between physical growth and a newborn reflex. Infant Behavior and Development. 1984; 7 (4): 479-493. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-6383 (84) 800077Armand S., Decoulon G., Bonnefoy-Mazure A. Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy. EFORT Open Reviews. 2016; 1 (12): 448-460. DOI: 10.1302/2058–5241.1.000052Armand S., Decoulon G., Bonnefoy-Mazure A. Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy. EFORT Open Reviews. 2016; 1 (12): 448-460. DOI: 10.1302/2058–5241.1.000052Reissland N., Francis B., Aydin E. et al. The development of anticipation in the fetus: A longitudinal account of human fetal mouth movements in reaction to and anticipation of touch. Developmental Psychobiology. 2014; 56 (5): 955-963. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21172Reissland N., Francis B., Aydin E. et al. The development of anticipation in the fetus: A longitudinal account of human fetal mouth movements in reaction to and anticipation of touch. Developmental Psychobiology. 2014; 56 (5): 955-963. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21172Zoia S., Blason L., D’Ottavio G. et al. The development of upper limb movements: From fetal to post-natal life. PloS One. 2013; 8 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080876Zoia S., Blason L., D’Ottavio G. et al. The development of upper limb movements: From fetal to post-natal life. PloS One. 2013; 8 (12). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080876Dominici N., Ivanenko Y.P., Cappellini G. Loc primitives in newborn babies and their development. Science. 2011; 334 (6058): 997-999. DOI: 10.1126/science.1210617Dominici N., Ivanenko Y.P., Cappellini G. Loc primitives in newborn babies and their development. Science. 2011; 334 (6058): 997-999. DOI: 10.1126/science.1210617Siekerman K., Barbu-Roth M., Anderson D.I. et al. Treadmill stimulation improves newborn stepping. Developmental Psychobiology. 2015; 57 (2): 247-254. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21270Siekerman K., Barbu-Roth M., Anderson D.I. et al. Treadmill stimulation improves newborn stepping. Developmental Psychobiology. 2015; 57 (2): 247-254. DOI: 10.1002/dev.21270Okamoto T., Okamoto K., Andrew P. D. Electromyographic study of newborn stepping in neonates and young infants. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. 2001; 41 (5): 289-296.Okamoto T., Okamoto K., Andrew P. D. Electromyographic study of newborn stepping in neonates and young infants. Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology. 2001; 41 (5): 289-296.Forssberg H. Ontogeny of human locomotor control I. Infant stepping supported locomotion and transition to independent locomotion. Experimental Brain Research. 1985; 57 (3): 480-493. DOI: 10.1007/BF00237835Forssberg H. Ontogeny of human locomotor control I. Infant stepping supported locomotion and transition to independent locomotion. Experimental Brain Research. 1985; 57 (3): 480-493. DOI: 10.1007/BF00237835Futagi Y., Toribe Y., Suzuki Y. The grasp reflex and moro reflex in infants: hierarchy of primitive reflex responses. Int J. Pediatr. 2012; (12): 191562. DOI: 10.1155/2012/191562Futagi Y., Toribe Y., Suzuki Y. The grasp reflex and moro reflex in infants: hierarchy of primitive reflex responses. Int J. Pediatr. 2012; (12): 191562. DOI: 10.1155/2012/191562Thelen E., Ulrich B.D., Niles D. Bilateral coordination in human infants: Stepping on a split-belt treadmill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1987; 13 (3): 405-410. DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.13.3.405Thelen E., Ulrich B.D., Niles D. Bilateral coordination in human infants: Stepping on a split-belt treadmill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1987; 13 (3): 405-410. DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.13.3.405Yang J.F., Lamont E.V., Pang M.Y. Split-belt treadmill stepping in infants suggests autonomous pattern generators for the left and right leg in humans. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005; 25 (29): 6869-6876. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1765-05.2005Yang J.F., Lamont E.V., Pang M.Y. Split-belt treadmill stepping in infants suggests autonomous pattern generators for the left and right leg in humans. Journal of Neuroscience. 2005; 25 (29): 6869-6876. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1765-05.2005Lamb T., Yang J.F. Could different directions of infant stepping be controlled by the same locomotor central pattern generator. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2000; 83 (5): 2814-2824. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2814Lamb T., Yang J.F. Could different directions of infant stepping be controlled by the same locomotor central pattern generator. Journal of Neurophysiology. 2000; 83 (5): 2814-2824. DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2814Karmiloff-Smith A. Preaching to the converted? From constructivism to neuroconstructivism. Child Development Perspectives. 2009; 3 (2): 99-102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00086.xKarmiloff-Smith A. Preaching to the converted? From constructivism to neuroconstructivism. Child Development Perspectives. 2009; 3 (2): 99-102. DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00086.xHillman S.J., Stansfield B.W., Richardson A.M. et al. Development of temporal and distance parameters of gait in normal children. Gait and Posture. 2009; 29 (1): 81-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.06.012Hillman S.J., Stansfield B.W., Richardson A.M. et al. Development of temporal and distance parameters of gait in normal children. Gait and Posture. 2009; 29 (1): 81-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.06.012Chester V.L., Tingley M., Biden E.N. A comparison of kinetic gait parameters for 3–13-year-olds. Clinical Biomechanics. 2006; 21 (7): 726-732. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.02.007Chester V.L., Tingley M., Biden E.N. A comparison of kinetic gait parameters for 3–13-year-olds. Clinical Biomechanics. 2006; 21 (7): 726-732. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.02.007Menkveld S.R., Knipstein E.A., Quinn J.R. Analysis of gait patterns in normal schoolaged children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 1988; 8 (3): 263-267. DOI: 10.10 97/0124139819880500000002Menkveld S.R., Knipstein E.A., Quinn J.R. Analysis of gait patterns in normal schoolaged children. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 1988; 8 (3): 263-267. DOI: 10.10 97/0124139819880500000002Pomarino D., Ramírez L. J., Pomarino A. Analysis of Physiological Gait Pattern in Children Without the Influence of Footwear. Foot and Ankle Specialist. 2016; 9 (6): 506-512. DOI: 10.1177/1938640016666914Pomarino D., Ramírez L. J., Pomarino A. Analysis of Physiological Gait Pattern in Children Without the Influence of Footwear. Foot and Ankle Specialist. 2016; 9 (6): 506-512. DOI: 10.1177/1938640016666914Жукова Е.В., Ачкасов Е.Е., Полукаров Н.В. Влияние индивидуального подхода консервативной терапии плоскостопия на уменьшение боли и улучшение качества жизни пациентов. Вестник восстановительной медицины. 2019; 5 (93): 74-80. DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem2019-000565.Zhukova E.V., Achkasov E.E., Polukarov N.V. Impact of the individual approach of conservative therapy of flatfoot on reducing pain and improving the quality of life of patients. Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019; 5 (93): 74-80. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem2019-000565.Schwend R.M., Drennan J.C. Cavus foot deformity in children. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003; 11 (3): 201-211. DOI: 10. 5435/0012463520030500000007Schwend R.M., Drennan J.C. Cavus foot deformity in children. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2003; 11 (3): 201-211. DOI: 10. 5435/0012463520030500000007Tawada S. Motor development of Down syndrome. J. Clin. Rehabil. 2011; 20: 529–534.Tawada S. Motor development of Down syndrome. J. Clin. Rehabil. 2011; 20: 529–534.Жукова Е.В., Ачкасов Е.Е., Полукаров Н.В. и др. Влияние биомеханики ходьбы наформирование патологий стопы. Вопросы практической педиатрии. 2018; 13 (4): 91–97. DOI: DOI:10.20953/18177646201849197.Zhukova E.V., Achkasov E.E., Polukarov N.V. et al. Influence of the biomechanics of walking on the formation of foot pathologies. Questions of practical pediatrics. 2018; 13 (4): 91-97. (in Russ). DOI: 10.20953/18177646201849197Calhoun M., Longworth M., Chester V. L. Gait patterns in children with autism. Clinical Biomechanics. 2011; 26 (2): 200-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.013.Calhoun M., Longworth M., Chester V. L. Gait patterns in children with autism. Clinical Biomechanics. 2011; 26 (2): 200-206. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.09.013.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.