medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2024-29-24-28medalphabet-4043Research ArticleСтатьиПостковидный синдром как дисфункциональное болевое расстройство: актуальные данныеPost-covid syndrome as a dysfunctional pain disorder: current datahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1833-5357АроноваЕ. С.AronovaE. S.

Евгения Сергеевна Аронова, к. м. н., научный сотрудник

Лаборатория коморбидных инфекций и вакцинопрофилактики

Москва

Eugenia S. Aronova, PhD Med, researcher

Laboratory of Comorbid Infections and VaccinePrevention

Moscow

eugpozd@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7091-2054БеловБ. С.BelovB. S.

Борис Сергеевич Белов, д. м. н., зав. лабораторией

Лаборатория коморбидных инфекций и вакцинопрофилактики

Москва

Boris S. Belov, DM Sci (habil.), head of Dept.

Laboratory of Comorbid Infections and VaccinePrevention

Moscow

belovbor@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0928-3911ГридневаГ. И.GridnevaG. I.

Галина Игоревна Гриднева, к. м. н., научный сотрудник

Лаборатория коморбидных инфекций и вакцинопрофилактики

Москва

Galina I. Gridneva, PhD Med, researcher

Laboratory of Comorbid Infections and VaccinePrevention

Moscow

gigridneva@mail.ruФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В. А. Насоновой»РоссияV. A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation202411122024029Ревматология в общей врачебной практике (2)2428Copyright © Аронова Е.С., Белов Б.С., Гриднева Г.И., 20242024Аронова Е.С., Белов Б.С., Гриднева Г.И.Aronova E.S., Belov B.S., Gridneva G.I.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/4043

   Представления о постковидном синдроме (ПКС) как о самостоятельной нозологической единице лежат в основе поиска критериев для установления этого диагноза. К настоящему моменту сложилось представление о двух клинических фенотипах постковидного состояния, протекающих с разным патогенетическим механизмом. Один из них, вероятно, представляет собой последствия перенесенного в ходе COVID-19 повреждения органов и систем и/или ятрогенных факторов. Патогенез другого не вполне ясен, а клинические проявления аналогичны таковым ряда дисфункциональных болевых расстройств, таких как фибромиалгия (ФМ) и синдром хронической усталости/миалгический энцефаломиелит. Статья посвящена анализу литературных данных, указывающих на сходство ПКС и ФМ. Обоснована необходимость пересмотра критериев диагноза ПКС.

   The concept of post-COVID syndrome (PCS) as an independent nosological entity underlies the search for criteria for establishing this diagnosis. To date, there is an idea of two clinical phenotypes of the post-COVID state, occurring with different pathogenetic mechanisms. One of them is probably the consequences of damage to organs and systems and / or iatrogenic factors suffered during COVID-19. The pathogenesis of the other is not entirely clear, and the clinical manifestations are like those of a number of dysfunctional pain disorders, such as fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome / myalgic encephalomyelitis. The article is devoted to the analysis of literary data indicating the similarity of PCS and FM. The need to revise the diagnostic criteria for PCS is substantiated.

COVID-19иммуновоспалительные ревматические заболеванияпостковидный синдромфибромиалгияхроническая больCOVID-19long COVIDimmunoinflammatory rheumatic diseasepost COVID-19 conditionpost-COVID-19 syndromefibromyalgiachronic painReferencesWorld Health Organisation (WHO). A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition_Clinical_case_definition-2021.1 (Accessed:14<sup>th</sup> September, 2024).World Health Organisation (WHO). A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus, 6 October 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition_Clinical_case_definition-2021.1 (Accessed:14<sup>th</sup> September, 2024).Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM. et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023; 21: 133–146. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM. et al. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023; 21: 133–146. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Choutka J, Jansari V, Hornig M. et al. Author Correction: Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes. Nat. Med. 2022; 28: 911–923. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01952-7Choutka J, Jansari V, Hornig M. et al. Author Correction: Unexplained post-acute infection syndromes. Nat. Med. 2022; 28: 911–923. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01952-7Fitzcharles M-A, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ. et al. Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021; 397: 2098–2110. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(21)00392-5Fitzcharles M-A, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ. et al. Nociplastic pain: towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021; 397: 2098–2110. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(21)00392-5Shen Q, Joyce EE, Ebrahimi OV. et al. COVID-19 illness severity and 2-year prevalence of physical symptoms: an observational study in Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023 Oct 27; 35: 100756. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100756Shen Q, Joyce EE, Ebrahimi OV. et al. COVID-19 illness severity and 2-year prevalence of physical symptoms: an observational study in Iceland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2023 Oct 27; 35: 100756. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100756Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2023; 401 (10393): e21–e33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00810-3Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2023; 401 (10393): e21–e33. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00810-3Huang L, Li X, Gu X. et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022; 10: 863–76. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6Huang L, Li X, Gu X. et al. Health outcomes in people 2 years after surviving hospitalisation with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2022; 10: 863–76. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00126-6Kelly JD, Curteis T, Rawal A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae in previously hospitalised patients: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2023; 32: 220254. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0254-2022Kelly JD, Curteis T, Rawal A. et al. SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae in previously hospitalised patients: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev. 2023; 32: 220254. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0254-2022Lee JH, Yim JJ, Park J. Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6–12 months after recovery from COVID-19 : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir. Res. 2022; 23: 233. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02163-xLee JH, Yim JJ, Park J. Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6–12 months after recovery from COVID-19 : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir. Res. 2022; 23: 233. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02163-xAlilou S, Zangiabadian M, Pouramini A. et al. Radiological Findings as Predictors of COVID-19 Lung Sequelae : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2023; 30 (12): 3076–3085. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.06.002Alilou S, Zangiabadian M, Pouramini A. et al. Radiological Findings as Predictors of COVID-19 Lung Sequelae : A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2023; 30 (12): 3076–3085. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2023.06.002Wang W, Wang CY, Wang SI, Wei JC. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: A retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks. EClinicalMedicine. 2022; 53: 101619. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101619Wang W, Wang CY, Wang SI, Wei JC. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 survivors among non-vaccinated population: A retrospective cohort study from the TriNetX US collaborative networks. EClinicalMedicine. 2022; 53: 101619. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101619Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years. Nat. Med. 2023; 29: 2347–2357. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02521-2Bowe B, Xie Y, Al-Aly Z. Postacute sequelae of COVID-19 at 2 years. Nat. Med. 2023; 29: 2347–2357. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02521-2Heidemann C, Sarganas G, Du Y. et al. Long-term health consequences among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to individuals without infection: results of the population-based cohort study CoMoLo Follow-up. BMC Public Health. 2023; 23: 1587. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16524-8Heidemann C, Sarganas G, Du Y. et al. Long-term health consequences among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to individuals without infection: results of the population-based cohort study CoMoLo Follow-up. BMC Public Health. 2023; 23: 1587. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16524-8Gouraud C, Thoreux P, Ouazana-Vedrines C. et al. Patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 attending a multidisciplinary evaluation: characteristics, medical conclusions, and satisfaction. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023;174: 111475. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111475Gouraud C, Thoreux P, Ouazana-Vedrines C. et al. Patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 attending a multidisciplinary evaluation: characteristics, medical conclusions, and satisfaction. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023;174: 111475. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111475Whitaker M, Elliott J, Chadeau-Hyam. et al. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 604,434 people in England. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13: 1957. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29521-zWhitaker M, Elliott J, Chadeau-Hyam. et al. Persistent COVID-19 symptoms in a community study of 604,434 people in England. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13: 1957. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29521-zWalker S, Goodfellow H, Pookarnjanamorakot P. et al. Impact of fatigue as the primary determinant of functional limitations among patients with post-COVID- 19 syndrome: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open. 2023; 13 (6): e069217. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069217Walker S, Goodfellow H, Pookarnjanamorakot P. et al. Impact of fatigue as the primary determinant of functional limitations among patients with post-COVID- 19 syndrome: a cross-sectional observational study. BMJ Open. 2023; 13 (6): e069217. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069217Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K. et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS- CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (11): e0240784. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240784Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K. et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS- CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15 (11): e0240784. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240784Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023; 21: 133–46. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2023; 21: 133–46. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Jason LA, Dorri JA. ME/CFS and post-exertional malaise among patients with Long COVID. Neurol. Int. 2023; 15: 1–11. DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010001Jason LA, Dorri JA. ME/CFS and post-exertional malaise among patients with Long COVID. Neurol. Int. 2023; 15: 1–11. DOI: 10.3390/neurolint15010001Reuken PA, Besteher B, Finke K. et al. Longterm course of neuropsychological symptoms and ME/CFS after SARS-CoV-2-infection: a prospective registry study. Eur. Arch Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2023; Aug 16. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01661-3Reuken PA, Besteher B, Finke K. et al. Longterm course of neuropsychological symptoms and ME/CFS after SARS-CoV-2-infection: a prospective registry study. Eur. Arch Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2023; Aug 16. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-023-01661-3Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A. et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): results from a post-COVID-19 multispecialty clinic. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1090747. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747Bonilla H, Quach TC, Tiwari A. et al. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is common in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): results from a post-COVID-19 multispecialty clinic. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1090747. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1090747Legler F, Meyer-Arndt L, Modl L. et al. Long-term symptom severity and clinical biomarkers in post-COVID-19/chronic fatigue syndrome: results from a prospective observational cohort. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 63: 102146. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102146Legler F, Meyer-Arndt L, Modl L. et al. Long-term symptom severity and clinical biomarkers in post-COVID-19/chronic fatigue syndrome: results from a prospective observational cohort. EClinicalMedicine. 2023; 63: 102146. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102146Goldenberg DL. Applying lessons from rheumatology to better understand Long COVID. Arthritis Care Res. 2024; 76 (1): 49–56. doi: 10.1002/acr.25210Goldenberg DL. Applying lessons from rheumatology to better understand Long COVID. Arthritis Care Res. 2024; 76 (1): 49–56. doi: 10.1002/acr.25210Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW. et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2022; 101: 93–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020Ceban F, Ling S, Lui LMW. et al. Fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID-19 syndrome : a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain. Behav. Immun. 2022; 101: 93–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020Nicotra A, Masserini F, Calcaterra F. et al. What do we mean by long COVID? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. J. Neurol. 2023; 30 (12): 3968–78. doi: 10.1111/ene.16027Nicotra A, Masserini F, Calcaterra F. et al. What do we mean by long COVID? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur. J. Neurol. 2023; 30 (12): 3968–78. doi: 10.1111/ene.16027Kao J, Frankland PW. COVID fog demystified. Cell. 2022; 185: 2391–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.020Kao J, Frankland PW. COVID fog demystified. Cell. 2022; 185: 2391–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.020Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK. et al. Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity. Ann Neurol. 2023; 94: 146–59. DOI: 10.1002/ana.26649Perez Giraldo GS, Ali ST, Kang AK. et al. Neurologic manifestations of long COVID differ based on acute COVID-19 severity. Ann Neurol. 2023; 94: 146–59. DOI: 10.1002/ana.26649Ariza M, Cano N, Segura B. et al. COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions. J. Neurol. 2023; 270: 2392–408. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11587-4Ariza M, Cano N, Segura B. et al. COVID-19 severity is related to poor executive function in people with post-COVID conditions. J. Neurol. 2023; 270: 2392–408. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11587-4Mateu L, Tebe C, Loste C. et al. Determinants of the onset and prognosis of the post-COVID-19 condition: a 2-year prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health. 2023; 23: 100724. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100724.Mateu L, Tebe C, Loste C. et al. Determinants of the onset and prognosis of the post-COVID-19 condition: a 2-year prospective observational cohort study. Lancet Reg Health. 2023; 23: 100724. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100724.Whiteside DM, Basso MR, Naini SM. et al. Outcomes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) at 6 months post-infection Part 1: cognitive functioning. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2022; 36: 806–28. DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2030412Whiteside DM, Basso MR, Naini SM. et al. Outcomes in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) at 6 months post-infection Part 1: cognitive functioning. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2022; 36: 806–28. DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2022.2030412Rodrigues AN, Dias ARD, Paranhos ACM. et al. Headache in long COVID as disabling condition: a clinical approach. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1149294. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1149294Rodrigues AN, Dias ARD, Paranhos ACM. et al. Headache in long COVID as disabling condition: a clinical approach. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1149294. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1149294Seighali N, Abdollahi A, Shafiee A. et al. The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2024; 24 (1): 105. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05481-6Seighali N, Abdollahi A, Shafiee A. et al. The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID) : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2024; 24 (1): 105. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05481-6Chinvararak C, Chalder T. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID assessed by standardised questionnaires and diagnostic criteria : a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023; 175: 111535. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111535Chinvararak C, Chalder T. Prevalence of sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID assessed by standardised questionnaires and diagnostic criteria : a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023; 175: 111535. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111535Merikanto I, Dauvilliers Y, Chung F. et al. Sleep symptoms are essential features of long-COVID – Comparing healthy controls with COVID-19 cases of different severity in the international COVID sleep study (ICOSS-II). J. Sleep. Res. 2023; 32 (1): e13754. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13754Merikanto I, Dauvilliers Y, Chung F. et al. Sleep symptoms are essential features of long-COVID – Comparing healthy controls with COVID-19 cases of different severity in the international COVID sleep study (ICOSS-II). J. Sleep. Res. 2023; 32 (1): e13754. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13754Tanski W, Tomasiewicz A, Jankowska-Polanska B. Sleep disturbances as a consequence of long-COVID 19. J. Clin. Med. 2024; 13 (3): 839. doi: 10.3390/jcm13030839Tanski W, Tomasiewicz A, Jankowska-Polanska B. Sleep disturbances as a consequence of long-COVID 19. J. Clin. Med. 2024; 13 (3): 839. doi: 10.3390/jcm13030839Mandel HL, Colleen G, Abedian S. et al. Risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with pre-coronavirus disease obstructive sleep apnea diagnoses: an electronic health record-based analysis from the RECOVER initiative. Sleep. 2023; 46 (9): zsad126. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad126Mandel HL, Colleen G, Abedian S. et al. Risk of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with pre-coronavirus disease obstructive sleep apnea diagnoses: an electronic health record-based analysis from the RECOVER initiative. Sleep. 2023; 46 (9): zsad126. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad126Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Risks of mental health outcomes in people with COVID-19: cohort study. BMJ. 2022; 376: e068993. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068993Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Risks of mental health outcomes in people with COVID-19: cohort study. BMJ. 2022; 376: e068993. DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068993Zhang Y, Chinchilli VM, Ssentongo P. et al. Association of Long COVID with mental health disorders: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data from the USA. BMJ Open. 2024; 14 (2): e079267. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079267Zhang Y, Chinchilli VM, Ssentongo P. et al. Association of Long COVID with mental health disorders: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data from the USA. BMJ Open. 2024; 14 (2): e079267. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079267Sneller MC, Liang CJ, Marques AR. et al. A longitudinal study of COVID-19 sequelae and immunity: baseline findings. Ann Intern Med. 2022; 175: 969–79. DOI: 10.7326/M21–4905Sneller MC, Liang CJ, Marques AR. et al. A longitudinal study of COVID-19 sequelae and immunity: baseline findings. Ann Intern Med. 2022; 175: 969–79. DOI: 10.7326/M21–4905Peluso MJ, Thomas IL, Munter SE. et al. Lack of antinuclear antibodies in convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 patients with persistent symptoms. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022; 74 (11): 2083–2084. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab890Peluso MJ, Thomas IL, Munter SE. et al. Lack of antinuclear antibodies in convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 patients with persistent symptoms. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022; 74 (11): 2083–2084. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab890Phetsouphanh C. et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Immunol. 2022; 23: 210–6. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-xPhetsouphanh C. et al. Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat. Immunol. 2022; 23: 210–6. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01113-xMuri J, Cecchinato V, Cavalli A. et al. Autoantbodies against chemokines post- SARS-CoV-2 infection correlate with disease course. Nat. Immunol. 2023; 24: 604–611. DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01445-wMuri J, Cecchinato V, Cavalli A. et al. Autoantbodies against chemokines post- SARS-CoV-2 infection correlate with disease course. Nat. Immunol. 2023; 24: 604–611. DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01445-wPetersen EL, Gobling A, Adam G. et al. multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS- CoV-2 infection: the Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme. Eur. Heart J. 2022; 43: 1124–37. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab914Petersen EL, Gobling A, Adam G. et al. multi-organ assessment in mainly non-hospitalized individuals after SARS- CoV-2 infection: the Hamburg City Health Study COVID programme. Eur. Heart J. 2022; 43: 1124–37. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab914Dennis A, Cuthbertson DJ, Wootton D. et al. Multi-organ impairment and long COVID: a 1 year prospective, longitudinal study. J. R. Soc. Men. 2023; 11: 97–112. DOI: 10.1177/01410768231154703Dennis A, Cuthbertson DJ, Wootton D. et al. Multi-organ impairment and long COVID: a 1 year prospective, longitudinal study. J. R. Soc. Men. 2023; 11: 97–112. DOI: 10.1177/01410768231154703Duffy C, Pridgen WL, Whitley RJ. Gastric herpes simplex virus type 1 infection is associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders in the presence and absence of comorbid fibromyalgia: a pilot case-control study. Infection. 2022; 50: 1303–11. DOI: 10.1007/s15010–022–01823-wDuffy C, Pridgen WL, Whitley RJ. Gastric herpes simplex virus type 1 infection is associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders in the presence and absence of comorbid fibromyalgia: a pilot case-control study. Infection. 2022; 50: 1303–11. DOI: 10.1007/s15010–022–01823-wPeluso MJ, Deveau TM, Munter SE. et al. Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect the likelihood of developing long COVID. J. Clin. Invest. 2023; 133: e163669. DOI: 10.1172/JCI163669Peluso MJ, Deveau TM, Munter SE. et al. Chronic viral coinfections differentially affect the likelihood of developing long COVID. J. Clin. Invest. 2023; 133: e163669. DOI: 10.1172/JCI163669Shafiee A, Teymouri Athar M. et al. Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33: e2437. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2437Shafiee A, Teymouri Athar M. et al. Reactivation of herpesviruses during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol. 2023; 33: e2437. DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2437Minerbi M, Fitzcharles A. Gut microbiome: pertinence in fibromyalgia. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020; 38: S 99–104.Minerbi M, Fitzcharles A. Gut microbiome: pertinence in fibromyalgia. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2020; 38: S 99–104.Yeoh Y, Zuo T, Lui G. et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021; 70: 698–706. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020Yeoh Y, Zuo T, Lui G. et al. Gut microbiota composition reflects disease severity and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Gut. 2021; 70: 698–706. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323020Groven N, Reitan S, Fors E. et al. Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021; 131: 105287. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105287Groven N, Reitan S, Fors E. et al. Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and healthy controls. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021; 131: 105287. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105287Holmes E, Wist J, Masuda R. et al. Incomplete systemic recovery and metabolic phenoreversion in post-acute-phase nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients: implications for assessment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J. Proteome Res. 2021; 20: 3315–29. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224Holmes E, Wist J, Masuda R. et al. Incomplete systemic recovery and metabolic phenoreversion in post-acute-phase nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients: implications for assessment of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. J. Proteome Res. 2021; 20: 3315–29. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224Wong AC, Devason AS, Umana IC. et al. Serotonin reduction in post-acute sequelae of viral infection. Cell. 2023; 186 (22): 4851–4867.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.013Wong AC, Devason AS, Umana IC. et al. Serotonin reduction in post-acute sequelae of viral infection. Cell. 2023; 186 (22): 4851–4867.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.013Garcia-Hernandez A, de la Coba P, Reyes Del Paso GA. Central sensitization pain and autonomic deficiencies in fibromyalgia. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2022; 40: 1202–9.Garcia-Hernandez A, de la Coba P, Reyes Del Paso GA. Central sensitization pain and autonomic deficiencies in fibromyalgia. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2022; 40: 1202–9.Larsen NW, Stiles LE, Shaik R. et al. Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: a global survey of 2,314 adults. Front Neurol. 2022; 13: 1012668. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1012668Larsen NW, Stiles LE, Shaik R. et al. Characterization of autonomic symptom burden in long COVID: a global survey of 2,314 adults. Front Neurol. 2022; 13: 1012668. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1012668Stella AB, Furlanis G, Frezza NA. et al. Autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID patients with and without neurological symptoms: a prospective multidomain observational study. J. Neurol. 2022; 269: 587–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10735-yStella AB, Furlanis G, Frezza NA. et al. Autonomic dysfunction in post-COVID patients with and without neurological symptoms: a prospective multidomain observational study. J. Neurol. 2022; 269: 587–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10735-yNatelson B, Lin J, Blate M. et al. Physiological assessment of orthostatic intolerance in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 2022; 20: 95. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03289-8Natelson B, Lin J, Blate M. et al. Physiological assessment of orthostatic intolerance in chronic fatigue syndrome. J. Transl. Med. 2022; 20: 95. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03289-8Malkova AM, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmune autonomic nervous system imbalance and conditions: chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, silicone breast implants, COVID and post-COVID syndrome, sick building syndrome, post-orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, autoimmune diseases and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22 (1): 103230. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103230Malkova AM, Shoenfeld Y. Autoimmune autonomic nervous system imbalance and conditions: chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, silicone breast implants, COVID and post-COVID syndrome, sick building syndrome, post-orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, autoimmune diseases and autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants. Autoimmun Rev. 2023; 22 (1): 103230. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103230Beiner E, Lucas V, Reichert J. et al. Stress biomarkers in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome : a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2023; 164: 1416–27. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002857Beiner E, Lucas V, Reichert J. et al. Stress biomarkers in individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome : a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2023; 164: 1416–27. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002857Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG. et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022; 185: 881–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014Su Y, Yuan D, Chen DG. et al. Multiple early factors anticipate post-acute COVID-19 sequelae. Cell. 2022; 185: 881–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.014Lee JS, Choi Y, Joung JY. et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of fatigue-dominant long-COVID subjects: a cross-sectional study. Am. J. Med. 2024 Feb 6: S 0002–9343 (24) 00057-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.01.025Lee JS, Choi Y, Joung JY. et al. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of fatigue-dominant long-COVID subjects: a cross-sectional study. Am. J. Med. 2024 Feb 6: S 0002–9343 (24) 00057-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.01.025Ryabkova V, Gavrilova N, Poletaeva A. et al. Autoantibody correlation signatures in fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: association with symptom severity. Biomedicines. 2023; 11: 257. Doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020257Ryabkova V, Gavrilova N, Poletaeva A. et al. Autoantibody correlation signatures in fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: association with symptom severity. Biomedicines. 2023; 11: 257. Doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020257Huang Y, Ling G, Manyande A. et al. Brain imaging changes in patients recovered from COVID-19: a narrative review. Front Neurosci. 2022: 16. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.855868Huang Y, Ling G, Manyande A. et al. Brain imaging changes in patients recovered from COVID-19: a narrative review. Front Neurosci. 2022: 16. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.855868Churchill NW, Roudala E, Chen JJ. et al. Effects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome on the functional brain networks of non-hospitalized individuals. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1136408. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1136408Churchill NW, Roudala E, Chen JJ. et al. Effects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome on the functional brain networks of non-hospitalized individuals. Front Neurol. 2023; 14: 1136408. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1136408Voruz P, Cionca A, de Alcantara IJ. et al. Brain functional connectivity alterations associated with neuropsychological performance 6–9 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023; 44: 1629–46. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26163Voruz P, Cionca A, de Alcantara IJ. et al. Brain functional connectivity alterations associated with neuropsychological performance 6–9 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023; 44: 1629–46. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26163Wakatsuki K, Kiryu-Seo S, Yasui M. et al. Repeated cold stress, an animal model for fibromyalgia, elicits proprioceptor-induced chronic pain with microglial activation in mice. J. Neuroinflammation. 2024; 21: 25. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03018-6Wakatsuki K, Kiryu-Seo S, Yasui M. et al. Repeated cold stress, an animal model for fibromyalgia, elicits proprioceptor-induced chronic pain with microglial activation in mice. J. Neuroinflammation. 2024; 21: 25. DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03018-6Albrecht DS, Forsberg A, Sandstrom A. et al. Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia – a multi-site positron emission tomography investigation. Brain Behav Immun. 2019; 75: 72–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.018Albrecht DS, Forsberg A, Sandstrom A. et al. Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia – a multi-site positron emission tomography investigation. Brain Behav Immun. 2019; 75: 72–83. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.018Krock E, Morado-Urbina CE, Menezes J. et al. Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms. Pain. 2023; 164: 1828–40. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002881Krock E, Morado-Urbina CE, Menezes J. et al. Fibromyalgia patients with elevated levels of anti-satellite glia cell immunoglobulin G antibodies present with more severe symptoms. Pain. 2023; 164: 1828–40. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002881Ferń andez-Castañeda A, Lu P, Geraghty AC. et al. Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation. Cell. 2022; 185: 2452–2468. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008Ferń andez-Castañeda A, Lu P, Geraghty AC. et al. Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation. Cell. 2022; 185: 2452–2468. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008Coste J, Delpierre C, Richard JB. et al. Prevalence of long COVID in the general adult population according to different definitions and sociodemographic and infection characteristics. A nationwide random sampling survey in France in autumn 2022. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024; 30 (7): 924–929. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.03.020Coste J, Delpierre C, Richard JB. et al. Prevalence of long COVID in the general adult population according to different definitions and sociodemographic and infection characteristics. A nationwide random sampling survey in France in autumn 2022. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2024; 30 (7): 924–929. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.03.020Hoeg TB, Ladhani S, Prasad V. How methodological pitfalls have created widespread misunderstanding about long COVID. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2024; 29 (3): 142–146. DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112338Hoeg TB, Ladhani S, Prasad V. How methodological pitfalls have created widespread misunderstanding about long COVID. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2024; 29 (3): 142–146. DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112338

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.