medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2024-16-48-52medalphabet-3839Research ArticleСтатьиСовременное понимание взаимосвязи кишечной микробиоты и развития аллергических заболеваний у детейModern understanding of the relationship between intestinal microbiota and development of allergic diseases in childrenhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-403XМакароваС. Г.MakarovaS. G.

Макарова Светлана Геннадиевна, д. м. н., зам. директора

Москва

Makarova Svetlana G., DM Sci (habil.), deputy director

Moscow

sm27@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-7946ФисенкоА. П.FisenkoA. P.

Фисенко Андрей Петрович, д. м. н., директор

Москва

Fisenko Andrey P., DM Sci (habil.), director

Moscow

fisenko@nczd.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6658-0624ГордееваИ. Г.GordeevaI. G.

Гордеева Ирина Григорьевна, м. н. с. лаборатории клинической иммунологии и нутрициологии, врач-педиатр

Москва

Gordeeva Irina G., junior researcher of Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Nutritionology, pediatrician

Moscow

irifeen@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-4260ЕмельяшенковЕ. Е.EmeliashenkovE. E.

Емельяшенков Евгений Евгеньевич, к. м. н., научный сотрудник лаборатории клинической иммунологии и нутрициологии

Москва

Emeliashenkov Evgeniy E., PhD Med, researcher, Laboratory of ClinicalImmunology and Nutritionology

Moscow

dkswdsman@mail.ruФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава РоссииРоссияNational Medical Research Center of Children’s HealthRussian Federation202405092024016Диетология и нутрициология48‑52Copyright © Макарова С.Г., Фисенко А.П., Гордеева И.Г., Емельяшенков Е.Е., 20242024Макарова С.Г., Фисенко А.П., Гордеева И.Г., Емельяшенков Е.Е.Makarova S.G., Fisenko A.P., Gordeeva I.G., Emeliashenkov E.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/3839

Микробиота кишечника – один из ключевых элементов формирования иммунного ответа. На ее развитие и состав может повлиять множество факторов, включая течение родов, рацион ребенка и проведение антибиотикотерапии. Согласно гигиенической теории, развитие дисбактериоза в раннем возрасте может привести к повышению риска сенсибилизации и аллергических заболеваний. Более того, снижение количества определенных микроорганизмов может привести к нарушению барьерной функции кишечника и дифференцировки наивных Т-клеток.Целью данного обзора является изучение взаимосвязи уровня различных микроорганизмов, входящих в состав кишечной микробиоты, и риска развития различных аллергических состояний у детей. Обзор опубликованной по данной теме литературы проводился по базам данных Pubmed и ResearchGate.Особое внимание привлекает уровень микроорганизмов в составе микробиоты кишечника, продуцирующих масляную кислоту, таких как Ruminococcus, Lachnospira и Roseburia. Данное соединение играет роль в обеспечении способности иммунной системы подавлять чрезмерные иммунные реакции. Снижение уровней микроорганизмов, продуцирующих масляную кислоту, отмечалось в 4 из 6 исследований, изучавших ее уровень у больных аллергическими заболеваниями. Обеспечение высокого уровня микробиоты, продуцирующей необходимые для поддержания кишечного барьера и формирования иммунного ответа химические соединения, является ключом к новому подходу в профилактике и лечении аллергических заболеваний.

by many factors, including the course of labor, the child’s diet and antibiotic therapy. According to the hygiene theory, the development of dysbiosis at an early age can lead to an increased risk of sensitization and allergic diseases. Moreover, a decrease in the number of certain microorganisms can lead to disruption of intestinal barrier function and differentiation of naïve T cells. The goal of this review is to study the relationship between the levels of various microorganisms that make up the intestinal microbiota and the risk of developing various allergic conditions in children. A review of the literature published on this topic was conducted using the Pubmed and ResearchGate databases. The level of microorganisms in the intestinal microbiota that produce butyric acid, such as Ruminococcus, Lachnospira and Roseburia, attracts special attention. This compound plays a role in the immune system’s ability to suppress excessive immune responses. A decrease in the levels of microorganisms that produce butyric acid was noted in 4 of 6 studies examining its level in patients with allergic diseases. Providing a high level of microbiota that produces the chemical compounds necessary to maintain the intestinal barrier and form the immune response is a key to a new approach to the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.

педиатрияпищевая аллергиямикробиота кишечникамасляная кислотаpediatricsfood allergygut microbiotabutyric acidФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Минздрава России, МоскваNational Medical Research Center of Children’s Health, Moscow, RussiaReferencesRackaityte E., Halkias J. Mechanisms of Fetal T Cell Tolerance and Immune Regulation. Front. Immunol. 2020; 11: 588. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00588Rackaityte E., Halkias J. Mechanisms of Fetal T Cell Tolerance and Immune Regulation. Front. Immunol. 2020; 11: 588. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00588Tordesillas L, Berin MC. Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2018; 55 (2): 107–117. DOI: 10.1007/s12016 018–8680–5Tordesillas L, Berin MC. Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 2018; 55 (2): 107–117. DOI: 10.1007/s12016 018–8680–5Verduci, E., Zuccotti, G.V., Peroni, D. G. New Insights in Cow’s Milk and Allergy: Is the Gut Microbiota the Missing Link? Nutrients. 2022; 14: 1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu14081631Verduci, E., Zuccotti, G.V., Peroni, D. G. New Insights in Cow’s Milk and Allergy: Is the Gut Microbiota the Missing Link? Nutrients. 2022; 14: 1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ nu14081631De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. Int J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21 (4): 1474. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041474De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. Int J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21 (4): 1474. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041474Rey-Mariño, A., Francino, M. P. Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Allergy Development in Infants. Nutrients. 2022; 14: 4316. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu14204316Rey-Mariño, A., Francino, M. P. Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Allergy Development in Infants. Nutrients. 2022; 14: 4316. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu14204316Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989; 299: 1259–60. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259Strachan DP. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. BMJ. 1989; 299: 1259–60. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6710.1259Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Melen E, Ludvigsson JF. Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and risk of food allergy: Nationwide Swedish cohort study of more than 1 million children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018; 142: 1510–4. e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.044Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Melen E, Ludvigsson JF. Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and risk of food allergy: Nationwide Swedish cohort study of more than 1 million children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018; 142: 1510–4. e2. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.044Thavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A metaanalysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2008; 38: 629e33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2222.2007.02780.xThavagnanam S, Fleming J, Bromley A, Shields MD, Cardwell CR. A metaanalysis of the association between Caesarean section and childhood asthma. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2008; 38: 629e33. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2222.2007.02780.xBager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2008; 38: 634e42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2222.2008.02939.xBager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 2008; 38: 634e42. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365–2222.2008.02939.xYamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119: 54e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.05.013Yamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Narita M, Saito H, Ohya Y. Influence of antibiotic use in early childhood on asthma and allergic diseases at age 5. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2017; 119: 54e8. DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.05.013Mitre E, Susi A, Kropp LE, Schwartz DJ, Gorman GH, Nylund CM. Association between use of acid-suppressive medications and antibiotics during infancy and allergic diseases in early childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2018; 172: e180315. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0315Mitre E, Susi A, Kropp LE, Schwartz DJ, Gorman GH, Nylund CM. Association between use of acid-suppressive medications and antibiotics during infancy and allergic diseases in early childhood. JAMA Pediatr. 2018; 172: e180315. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0315Tsakok T, McKeever TM, Yeo L, Flohr C. Does early life exposure to antibiotics increase the risk of eczema? A systematic review. Br. J. Dermatol. 2013; 169: 983e91. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12476Tsakok T, McKeever TM, Yeo L, Flohr C. Does early life exposure to antibiotics increase the risk of eczema? A systematic review. Br. J. Dermatol. 2013; 169: 983e91. DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12476Bauer H, Horowitz RE, Levenson SM, Popper H. The response of the lymphatic tissue to the microbial flora. Studies on germfree mice. Am J. Pathol. 1963; 42: 471e83.Bauer H, Horowitz RE, Levenson SM, Popper H. The response of the lymphatic tissue to the microbial flora. Studies on germfree mice. Am J. Pathol. 1963; 42: 471e83.Hapfelmeier S, Lawson MA, Slack E, Kirundi JK, Stoel M, Heikenwalder M. et al. Reversible microbial colonization of germ-free mice reveals the dynamics of IgA immune responses. Science. 2010; 328: 1705e9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1188454Hapfelmeier S, Lawson MA, Slack E, Kirundi JK, Stoel M, Heikenwalder M. et al. Reversible microbial colonization of germ-free mice reveals the dynamics of IgA immune responses. Science. 2010; 328: 1705e9. DOI: 10.1126/science.1188454Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Oshima K, Suda W, Nagano Y, Nishikawa H, et al. Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota. Nature. 2013; 500: 232e6. DOI: 10.1038/nature12331Atarashi K, Tanoue T, Oshima K, Suda W, Nagano Y, Nishikawa H, et al. Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota. Nature. 2013; 500: 232e6. DOI: 10.1038/nature12331Cahenzli J, Koller Y, Wyss M, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Intestinal microbial diversity during early-life colonization shapes long-term IgE levels. Cell. Host. Microbe. 2013; 14: 559e70. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.004Cahenzli J, Koller Y, Wyss M, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Intestinal microbial diversity during early-life colonization shapes long-term IgE levels. Cell. Host. Microbe. 2013; 14: 559e70. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.004Oyama N, Sudo N, Sogawa H, Kubo C. Antibiotic use during infancy promotes a shift in the T(H)1/T(H)2 balance toward T(H)2-dominant immunity in mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107: 153e9. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.111142Oyama N, Sudo N, Sogawa H, Kubo C. Antibiotic use during infancy promotes a shift in the T(H)1/T(H)2 balance toward T(H)2-dominant immunity in mice. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2001; 107: 153e9. DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.111142Russell SL, Gold MJ, Hartmann M, Willing BP, Thorson L, Wlodarska M, et al. Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma. EMBO Rep. 2012; 13: 440e7. DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.32Russell SL, Gold MJ, Hartmann M, Willing BP, Thorson L, Wlodarska M, et al. Early life antibiotic-driven changes in microbiota enhance susceptibility to allergic asthma. EMBO Rep. 2012; 13: 440e7. DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.32Stefka AT, Feehley T, Tripathi P, Qiu J, McCoy K, Mazmanian SK, et al. Commensal bacteria protect against food allergen sensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111: 13145e50. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412008111Stefka AT, Feehley T, Tripathi P, Qiu J, McCoy K, Mazmanian SK, et al. Commensal bacteria protect against food allergen sensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111: 13145e50. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412008111Sansom DM, Walker LS. The role of CD 28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen4 (CTLA‑4) in regulatory T-cell biology. Immunol Rev. 2006; 212: 131e48. DOI: 10.1111/j.0105–2896.2006.00419.xSansom DM, Walker LS. The role of CD 28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen4 (CTLA‑4) in regulatory T-cell biology. Immunol Rev. 2006; 212: 131e48. DOI: 10.1111/j.0105–2896.2006.00419.xFontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Pillars Article: Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD 4+CD 25+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 2017; 198: 986e92. DOI: 10.1038/ni904Fontenot JD, Gavin MA, Rudensky AY. Pillars Article: Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD 4+CD 25+ regulatory T cells. J. Immunol. 2017; 198: 986e92. DOI: 10.1038/ni904Wannemuehler M. et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS converts germfree mice to sensitivity to oral tolerance induction. J. Immunol. 1982. 129 (3): 959–965.Wannemuehler M. et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) regulation of the immune response: LPS converts germfree mice to sensitivity to oral tolerance induction. J. Immunol. 1982. 129 (3): 959–965.Hacini-Rachinel F. et al. Intestinal dendritic cell licensing through Toll-like receptor 4 is required for oral tolerance in allergic contact dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018; 141 (1): 163–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.022Hacini-Rachinel F. et al. Intestinal dendritic cell licensing through Toll-like receptor 4 is required for oral tolerance in allergic contact dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018; 141 (1): 163–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.022Wang S, Charbonnier LM, Noval Rivas M, Georgiev P, Li N, Gerber G, Bry L, Chatila TA. MyD 88 adaptor-dependent microbial sensing by regulatory T cells promotes mucosal tolerance and enforces commensalism. Immunity. 2015; 43 (2): 289–303. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.014Wang S, Charbonnier LM, Noval Rivas M, Georgiev P, Li N, Gerber G, Bry L, Chatila TA. MyD 88 adaptor-dependent microbial sensing by regulatory T cells promotes mucosal tolerance and enforces commensalism. Immunity. 2015; 43 (2): 289–303. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.014Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 2014; 118 (2): 229–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 2014; 118 (2): 229–241. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002Han D, Walsh MC, Cejas PJ, Dang NN, Kim YF, Kim J, CharrierHisamuddin L, Chau L, Zhang Q, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Turka LA, Shen H, Reizis B, DeFranco AL, Wu GD, Choi Y. Dendritic cell expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 is critical for gut microbiota-dependent immune tolerance. Immunity. 2013; 38 (6): 1211–1222. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.012Han D, Walsh MC, Cejas PJ, Dang NN, Kim YF, Kim J, CharrierHisamuddin L, Chau L, Zhang Q, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Turka LA, Shen H, Reizis B, DeFranco AL, Wu GD, Choi Y. Dendritic cell expression of the signaling molecule TRAF6 is critical for gut microbiota-dependent immune tolerance. Immunity. 2013; 38 (6): 1211–1222. DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.012Plunkett CH, Nagler CR. The influence of the microbiome on allergic sensitization to food. J. Immunol. 2017; 198 (2): 581–589. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601266Plunkett CH, Nagler CR. The influence of the microbiome on allergic sensitization to food. J. Immunol. 2017; 198 (2): 581–589. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601266David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505 (7484): 559–563. DOI: 10.1038/nature12820David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN, Gootenberg DB, Button JE, Wolfe BE, Ling AV, Devlin AS, Varma Y, Fischbach MA, Biddinger SB, Dutton RJ, Turnbaugh PJ. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2014; 505 (7484): 559–563. DOI: 10.1038/nature12820Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, Nakanishi Y, Uetake C, Kato K, Kato T, Takahashi M, Fukuda NN, Murakami S, Miyauchi E, Hino S, Atarashi K, Onawa S, Fujimura Y, Lockett T, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Tomita M, Hori S, Ohara O, Morita T, Koseki H, Kikuchi J, Honda K, Hase K, Ohno H. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature. 2013; 504 (7480): 446–450. DOI: 10.1038/nature12721Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, Nakanishi Y, Uetake C, Kato K, Kato T, Takahashi M, Fukuda NN, Murakami S, Miyauchi E, Hino S, Atarashi K, Onawa S, Fujimura Y, Lockett T, Clarke JM, Topping DL, Tomita M, Hori S, Ohara O, Morita T, Koseki H, Kikuchi J, Honda K, Hase K, Ohno H. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature. 2013; 504 (7480): 446–450. DOI: 10.1038/nature12721Bunyavanich S, Shen N, Grishin A, Wood R, Burks W, Dawson P. et al. Early-life gut microbiome composition and milk allergy resolution. J. Allergy ClinImmunol. 2016; 138: 1122e30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.041Bunyavanich S, Shen N, Grishin A, Wood R, Burks W, Dawson P. et al. Early-life gut microbiome composition and milk allergy resolution. J. Allergy ClinImmunol. 2016; 138: 1122e30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.041Chen CC, Chen KJ, Kong MS, Chang HJ, Huang JL. Alterations in the gut microbiotas of children with food sensitization in early life. Pediatr. Allergy. Immunol. 2016; 27: 254e62. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12522Chen CC, Chen KJ, Kong MS, Chang HJ, Huang JL. Alterations in the gut microbiotas of children with food sensitization in early life. Pediatr. Allergy. Immunol. 2016; 27: 254e62. DOI: 10.1111/pai.12522Fujimura KE, Sitarik AR, Havstad S, Lin DL, Levan S, Fadrosh D. et al. Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitized atopy and T cell differentiation. Nat. Med. 2016; 22: 1187e91. DOI: 10.1038/nm.4176Fujimura KE, Sitarik AR, Havstad S, Lin DL, Levan S, Fadrosh D. et al. Neonatal gut microbiota associates with childhood multisensitized atopy and T cell differentiation. Nat. Med. 2016; 22: 1187e91. DOI: 10.1038/nm.4176Tanaka M, Korenori Y, Washio M, Kobayashi T, Momoda R, Kiyohara C, et al. Signatures in the gut microbiota of Japanese infants who developed food allergies in early childhood. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2017; 93. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix099Tanaka M, Korenori Y, Washio M, Kobayashi T, Momoda R, Kiyohara C, et al. Signatures in the gut microbiota of Japanese infants who developed food allergies in early childhood. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2017; 93. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fix099Arrieta MC, Arevalo A, Stiemsma L, Dimitriu P, Chico ME, Loor S, et al. Associations between infant fungal and bacterial dysbiosis and childhood atopic wheeze in a nonindustrialized setting. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018; 142: 424–34.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.041Arrieta MC, Arevalo A, Stiemsma L, Dimitriu P, Chico ME, Loor S, et al. Associations between infant fungal and bacterial dysbiosis and childhood atopic wheeze in a nonindustrialized setting. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018; 142: 424–34.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.041Fazlollahi M, Chun Y, Grishin A, Wood RA, Burks AW, Dawson P, et al. Early-life gut microbiome and egg allergy. Allergy. 2018; 73: 1515e24. DOI: 10.1111/all.13389Fazlollahi M, Chun Y, Grishin A, Wood RA, Burks AW, Dawson P, et al. Early-life gut microbiome and egg allergy. Allergy. 2018; 73: 1515e24. DOI: 10.1111/all.13389Savage JH, Lee-Sarwar KA, Sordillo J, Bunyavanich S, Zhou Y, O’Connor G, et al. A prospective microbiome-wide association study of food sensitization and food allergy in early childhood. Allergy. 2018; 73: 145e52. DOI: 10.1111/all.13232Savage JH, Lee-Sarwar KA, Sordillo J, Bunyavanich S, Zhou Y, O’Connor G, et al. A prospective microbiome-wide association study of food sensitization and food allergy in early childhood. Allergy. 2018; 73: 145e52. DOI: 10.1111/all.13232Stokholm J, Blaser MJ, Thorsen J, Rasmussen MA, Waage J, Vinding RK. et al. Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood. Nat. Commun. 2018; 9: 141. DOI: 10.1038/s41467–017–02573–2Stokholm J, Blaser MJ, Thorsen J, Rasmussen MA, Waage J, Vinding RK. et al. Maturation of the gut microbiome and risk of asthma in childhood. Nat. Commun. 2018; 9: 141. DOI: 10.1038/s41467–017–02573–2Simonyte Sjodin K, Hammarstrom ML, Ryden P, Sjodin A, Hernell O, Engstrand L. et al. Temporal and long-term gut microbiota variation in allergic disease: a prospective study from infancy to school age. Allergy. 2019; 74: 176e85. DOI: 10.1111/all.13485Simonyte Sjodin K, Hammarstrom ML, Ryden P, Sjodin A, Hernell O, Engstrand L. et al. Temporal and long-term gut microbiota variation in allergic disease: a prospective study from infancy to school age. Allergy. 2019; 74: 176e85. DOI: 10.1111/all.13485Bannier M, van Best N, Bervoets L, Savelkoul PHM, Hornef MW, van de Kant KDG. et al. Gut microbiota in wheezing preschool children and the association with childhood asthma. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1473e6 DOI: 10.1111/all.14156Bannier M, van Best N, Bervoets L, Savelkoul PHM, Hornef MW, van de Kant KDG. et al. Gut microbiota in wheezing preschool children and the association with childhood asthma. Allergy. 2020; 75: 1473e6 DOI: 10.1111/all.14156Los-Rycharska E, Golebiewski M, Sikora M, Grzybowski T, Gorzkiewicz M, Popielarz M. et al. A combined analysis of gut and skin microbiota in infants with food allergy and atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2021; 13: 1682. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051682Los-Rycharska E, Golebiewski M, Sikora M, Grzybowski T, Gorzkiewicz M, Popielarz M. et al. A combined analysis of gut and skin microbiota in infants with food allergy and atopic dermatitis: a pilot study. Nutrients. 2021; 13: 1682. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051682Mennini M., Reddel S., Del Chierico F., Gardini S., Quagliariello A., Vernocchi P., Valluzzi R. L., Fierro V., Riccardi C., Napolitano T. et al. Gut Microbiota Profile in Children with IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy and Cow’s Milk Sensitization and Probiotic Intestinal Persistence Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041649Mennini M., Reddel S., Del Chierico F., Gardini S., Quagliariello A., Vernocchi P., Valluzzi R. L., Fierro V., Riccardi C., Napolitano T. et al. Gut Microbiota Profile in Children with IgE-Mediated Cow’s Milk Allergy and Cow’s Milk Sensitization and Probiotic Intestinal Persistence Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021; 22: 1649. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041649Mahdavinia M, Fyolek JP, Jiang J, Thivalapill N, Bilaver LA, Warren C, Fox S, Nimmagadda SR, Newmark PJ, Sharma H, Assa’ad A, Seed PC, Gupta RS. Gut microbiome is associated with asthma and race in children with food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2023 Dec; 152 (6): 1541–1549.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.024Mahdavinia M, Fyolek JP, Jiang J, Thivalapill N, Bilaver LA, Warren C, Fox S, Nimmagadda SR, Newmark PJ, Sharma H, Assa’ad A, Seed PC, Gupta RS. Gut microbiome is associated with asthma and race in children with food allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2023 Dec; 152 (6): 1541–1549.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.024Yamagishi M, Akagawa S, Akagawa Y, Nakai Y, Yamanouchi S, Kimata T, et al. Decreased butyric acid-producing bacteria in gut microbiota of children with egg allergy. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2279e82. DOI: 10.1111/all.14795Yamagishi M, Akagawa S, Akagawa Y, Nakai Y, Yamanouchi S, Kimata T, et al. Decreased butyric acid-producing bacteria in gut microbiota of children with egg allergy. Allergy. 2021; 76: 2279e82. DOI: 10.1111/all.14795Akagawa S, Kaneko K. Gut microbiota and allergic diseases in children. Allergol Int. 2022; 71 (3): 301–309. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.02.004Akagawa S, Kaneko K. Gut microbiota and allergic diseases in children. Allergol Int. 2022; 71 (3): 301–309. DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.02.004Roduit C, Frei R, Ferstl R, Loeliger S, Westermann P, Rhyner C. et al. High levels of butyrate and propionate in early life are associated with protection against atopy. Allergy. 2019; 74: 799e809. DOI: 10.1111/all.13660Roduit C, Frei R, Ferstl R, Loeliger S, Westermann P, Rhyner C. et al. High levels of butyrate and propionate in early life are associated with protection against atopy. Allergy. 2019; 74: 799e809. DOI: 10.1111/all.13660Zolkiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczynski M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics-A step beyond preand probiotics. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 2189. DOI: 10.3390/nu12082189Zolkiewicz J, Marzec A, Ruszczynski M, Feleszko W. Postbiotics-A step beyond preand probiotics. Nutrients. 2020; 12: 2189. DOI: 10.3390/nu12082189Berni Canani R, Paparo L, Nocerino R, Di Scala C, Della Gatta G, Maddalena Y, Buono A, Bruno C, Voto L, Ercolini D. Gut Microbiome as Target for Innovative Strategies Against Food Allergy. Front Immunol. 2019 Feb 15; 10: 191. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00191.Berni Canani R, Paparo L, Nocerino R, Di Scala C, Della Gatta G, Maddalena Y, Buono A, Bruno C, Voto L, Ercolini D. Gut Microbiome as Target for Innovative Strategies Against Food Allergy. Front Immunol. 2019 Feb 15; 10: 191. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00191.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.