medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2023-33-13-19medalphabet-3504Research ArticleСтатьиЭпилепсия у больных с глиобластомой: механизмы возникновения и проблемы лечения (часть 2)Epilepsy in patients with glioblastoma: Mechanisms of occurrence and problems of treatment (part 2)https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0190-3335ВасиленкоА. В.VasilenkoA. V.

Василенко Анна Владимировна, к. м. н., зав. учебной частью, доцент кафедры нейрохирургии ИМО, доцент кафедры неврологии им. акад. С. Н. Давиденкова

Санкт-Петербург

Vasilenko Anna V., PhD Med, head of Teaching Unit, associate professor at Neurosurgery Dept of Institute of Medical Education, associate professor at Neurology Dept n. a. acad. S. V. Davidenkov

Saint Petersburg

vasilenko_anna@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8343-4917УлитинА. Ю.UlitinA. Yu.

Улитин Алексей Юрьевич, д. м. н., проф., заслуженный врач РФ, зав. кафедрой нейрохирургии ИМО проф. кафедры нейрохирургии им. проф. А. Л. Поленова

Санкт-Петербург

Ulitin Alexey Yu., DM Sci (habil.), professor, honored doctor of the Russian Federation, head of Neurosurgery Dept of Institute of Medical Education, professor at Neurosurgery Dept n. a. prof. A. L. Polenov

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5405-7182ЛебедевИ. А.LebedevI. A.

Лебедев Илья Аркадьевич, д. м. н., проф. кафедры детских болезней и поликлинической педиатрии

г. Тюмень

Lebedev Ilya A., DM Sci (habil.), professor at Dept of Children's Diseases and Polyclinic Pediatrics

Tyumen

АблаевН. Р.AblaevN. R.

Аблаев Нариман Рустемович, ординатор 2-го года обучения кафедры нейрохирургии ИМО

Санкт-Петербург

Ablaev Nariman R., resident of the 2nd year of training at Dept of Neurosurgery of Institute of Medical Education

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8701-1292ДиконенкоМ. В.DikonenkoM. V.

Диконенко Михаил Викторович, ординатор 2-го года обучения кафедры  нейрохирургии ИМО

Санкт-Петербург

Dikonenko Michail V., resident of the 2nd year of training at Dept of Neurosurgery of Institute of Medical Education

Saint Petersburg

МансуровА. С.MansurovA. S.

Мансуров Ахмед Саипович, ординатор 2-го года обучения кафедры нейрохирургии ИМО

Санкт-Петербург

Mansurov Ahmed S., resident of the 2nd year of training at Dept of Neurosurgery of Institute of Medical Education

Saint Petersburg

ШайховМ. М.ShaikhovM. M.

Шайхов Мадани Магомедович, ординатор 2-го года обучения кафедры нейрохирургии ИМО

Санкт-Петербург

Shaihov Madani M., resident of the 2nd year of training at Dept of Neurosurgery of Institute of Medical Education

Saint Petersburg

ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И. И. Мечникова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research Centre; North-Western State Medical University n. a. I. I. MechnikovRussian FederationФГБОУ ВО «Тюменский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияTyumen State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Минздрава РоссииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research CentreRussian Federation202319012024033Неврология и психиатрия (4)1319Copyright © Василенко А.В., Улитин А.Ю., Лебедев И.А., Аблаев Н.Р., Диконенко М.В., Мансуров А.С., Шайхов М.М., 20242024Василенко А.В., Улитин А.Ю., Лебедев И.А., Аблаев Н.Р., Диконенко М.В., Мансуров А.С., Шайхов М.М.Vasilenko A.V., Ulitin A.Y., Lebedev I.A., Ablaev N.R., Dikonenko M.V., Mansurov A.S., Shaikhov M.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/3504

Эпилепсия, вызванная глиобластомой, требует внимательного изучения комбинации вызывающих ее факторов с комплексным подходом к профилактике и полному купированию при возникновении припадков на фоне адекватных и современных схем лечения. Контроль над припадками часто требует введения противоэпилептических препаратов одновременно с другими видами лечения, включающими хирургию, лучевую и химиотерапию. Фармакологические взаимодействия между противоэпилептическими препаратами и антинеопластическими агентами могут изменять активность обоих методов лечения, снижая их эффективность и увеличивая вероятность развития побочных эффектов, связанных с применением обеих терапий. Представленный литературный обзор резюмирует новые патофизиологические пути, связанные с глиобластомой и участвующие в эпилептогенезе, а также описывает взаимодействие между противоэпилептическими препаратами и онкологическим лечением. В статье уделяется особое внимание влиянию лечения на выживание, представлены доказательства эффективности противоэпилептического лечения, включая потенциальную полезность новых противоэпилептических препаратов третьего поколения. Во второй части статьи подробно рассматриваются аспекты как профилактического, так и симптоматического лечения пациентов с эпилепсией на фоне глиобластом.

Epilepsy caused by glioblastoma requires careful study of the combination of factors causing it, with an integrated approach to prevention and complete relief when seizures occur against the background of adequate and modern treatment regimens. Control of seizures often requires the administration of antiepileptic drugs concomitantly with other treatments, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Pharmacological interactions between antiepileptic drugs and antineoplastic agents may alter the activity of both treatments, reducing their effectiveness and increasing the likelihood of side effects associated with both therapies. The presented literature review summarizes novel pathophysiological pathways associated with glioblastoma and involved in epileptogenesis, and also describes the interaction between antiepileptic drugs and oncological treatment. The article focuses on the impact of treatment on survival and presents evidence of the effectiveness of antiepileptic treatment, including the potential usefulness of new third-generation antiepileptic drugs. The second part of the article discusses in detail aspects of both preventive and symptomatic treatment of patients with epilepsy associated with glioblastomas.

опухоль-ассоциированная эпилепсияглиобластомаглиома высокого классапротивоэпилептические препаратыхимиотерапиялучевая терапияпобочные эффекты ПЭПtumor-associated epilepsyglioblastomahigh-grade gliomaantiepileptic drugschemotherapyradiation therapyAED side effectsReferencesSirven JI, Wingerchuk DM, Drazkowski JF, Lyons MK, Zimmerman RS. Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: № a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79 (12), 1489–1494 (2004).Sirven JI, Wingerchuk DM, Drazkowski JF, Lyons MK, Zimmerman RS. Seizure prophylaxis in patients with brain tumors: № a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 79 (12), 1489–1494 (2004).Tremont-Lukats IW, Ratilal BO, Armstrong T, Gilbert MR. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in people with brain tumors. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD 004424 (2008).Tremont-Lukats IW, Ratilal BO, Armstrong T, Gilbert MR. Antiepileptic drugs for preventing seizures in people with brain tumors. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2, CD 004424 (2008).Kuijlen JM, Teernstra OP, Kessels AG, Herpers MJ, Beuls EA. Effectiveness of antiepileptic prophylaxis used with supratentorial craniotomies: A meta-analysis. Seizure 5 (4), 291–298 (1996).Kuijlen JM, Teernstra OP, Kessels AG, Herpers MJ, Beuls EA. Effectiveness of antiepileptic prophylaxis used with supratentorial craniotomies: A meta-analysis. Seizure 5 (4), 291–298 (1996).De Santis A, Villani R, Sinisi M, Stocchetti N, Perucca E. Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: A randomized controlled study. Epilepsia 43 (2), 175–182 (2002).De Santis A, Villani R, Sinisi M, Stocchetti N, Perucca E. Add-on phenytoin fails to prevent early seizures after surgery for supratentorial brain tumors: A randomized controlled study. Epilepsia 43 (2), 175–182 (2002).Milligan TA, Hurwitz S, Bromfield EB. Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after supratentorial neurosurgery. Neurology 71 (9), 665–669 (2008).Milligan TA, Hurwitz S, Bromfield EB. Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam versus phenytoin after supratentorial neurosurgery. Neurology 71 (9), 665–669 (2008).Kern K, Schebesch KM, Schlaier J et al. Levetiracetam compared to phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative seizures after craniotomy for intracranial tumours in patients without epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurosci. 19 (1), 99–100 (2012).Kern K, Schebesch KM, Schlaier J et al. Levetiracetam compared to phenytoin for the prevention of postoperative seizures after craniotomy for intracranial tumours in patients without epilepsy. J. Clin. Neurosci. 19 (1), 99–100 (2012).Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS. Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury – a meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 12, 30 (2012).Zafar SN, Khan AA, Ghauri AA, Shamim MS. Phenytoin versus Leviteracetam for seizure prophylaxis after brain injury – a meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 12, 30 (2012).Kerrigan S, Grant R. Antiepileptic drugs for treating seizures in adults with brain tumours. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 8, CD 008586 (2011).Kerrigan S, Grant R. Antiepileptic drugs for treating seizures in adults with brain tumours. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 8, CD 008586 (2011).Lim DA, Tarapore P, Chang E et al. Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy: A randomized Phase II pilot study. J. Neurooncol. 93 (3), 349–354 (2009).Lim DA, Tarapore P, Chang E et al. Safety and feasibility of switching from phenytoin to levetiracetam monotherapy for glioma-related seizure control following craniotomy: A randomized Phase II pilot study. J. Neurooncol. 93 (3), 349–354 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Sperati F et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy: Seizure control, safety, and quality of life. J. Neurooncol. 104 (1), 205–214 (2011).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Sperati F et al. Levetiracetam monotherapy in patients with brain tumor-related epilepsy: Seizure control, safety, and quality of life. J. Neurooncol. 104 (1), 205–214 (2011).Luyken C, Blümcke I, Fimmers R et al. The spectrum of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors: Long-term seizure and tumor outcome and neurosurgical aspects. Epilepsia 44 (6), 822–830 (2003).Luyken C, Blümcke I, Fimmers R et al. The spectrum of long-term epilepsy-associated tumors: Long-term seizure and tumor outcome and neurosurgical aspects. Epilepsia 44 (6), 822–830 (2003).Duffau H, Capelle L, Lopes M, Bitar A, Sichez JP, van Effenterre R. Medically intractable epilepsy from insular low-grade gliomas: Improvement after an extended lesionectomy. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 144 (6), 563–572; discussion 572 (2002).Duffau H, Capelle L, Lopes M, Bitar A, Sichez JP, van Effenterre R. Medically intractable epilepsy from insular low-grade gliomas: Improvement after an extended lesionectomy. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 144 (6), 563–572; discussion 572 (2002).Gilmore R, Morris H 3rd, Van Ness PC, Gilmore-Pollak W, Estes M. Mirror focus: Function of seizure frequency and influence on outcome after surgery. Epilepsia 35 (2), 258–263 (1994).Gilmore R, Morris H 3rd, Van Ness PC, Gilmore-Pollak W, Estes M. Mirror focus: Function of seizure frequency and influence on outcome after surgery. Epilepsia 35 (2), 258–263 (1994).Rogers LR, Morris HH, Lupica K. Effect of cranial irradiation on seizure frequency in adults with low-grade astrocytoma and medically intractable epilepsy. Neurology 43 (8), 1599–1601 (1993).Rogers LR, Morris HH, Lupica K. Effect of cranial irradiation on seizure frequency in adults with low-grade astrocytoma and medically intractable epilepsy. Neurology 43 (8), 1599–1601 (1993).Chalifoux R, Elisevich K. Effect of ionizing radiation on partial seizures attributable to malignant cerebral tumors. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 67 (3–4), 169–182 (1997).Chalifoux R, Elisevich K. Effect of ionizing radiation on partial seizures attributable to malignant cerebral tumors. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 67 (3–4), 169–182 (1997).Van den Bent MJ, Afra D, de Witte O et al.; EORTC Radiotherapy and Brain Tumor Groups and the UK Medical Research Council. Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: The EORTC 22845 randomised trial. Lancet 366 (9490), 985–990 (2005).Van den Bent MJ, Afra D, de Witte O et al.; EORTC Radiotherapy and Brain Tumor Groups and the UK Medical Research Council. Long-term efficacy of early versus delayed radiotherapy for low-grade astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults: The EORTC 22845 randomised trial. Lancet 366 (9490), 985–990 (2005).Schröttner O, Eder HG, Unger F, Feichtinger K, Pendl G. Radiosurgery in lesional epilepsy: Brain tumors. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 70 (Suppl. 1), 50–56 (1998).Schröttner O, Eder HG, Unger F, Feichtinger K, Pendl G. Radiosurgery in lesional epilepsy: Brain tumors. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 70 (Suppl. 1), 50–56 (1998).Pace A, Vidiri A, Galiè E et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade glioma: Clinical benefits and radiological response. Ann. Oncol. 14 (12), 1722–1726 (2003).Pace A, Vidiri A, Galiè E et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy for progressive low-grade glioma: Clinical benefits and radiological response. Ann. Oncol. 14 (12), 1722–1726 (2003).Sherman JH, Moldovan K, Yeoh HK et al. Impact of temozolomide chemotherapy on seizure frequency in patients with low-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg.114 (6), 1617–1621 (2011).Sherman JH, Moldovan K, Yeoh HK et al. Impact of temozolomide chemotherapy on seizure frequency in patients with low-grade gliomas. J. Neurosurg.114 (6), 1617–1621 (2011).Frenay MP, Fontaine D, Vandenbos F, Lebrun C. First-line nitrosourea-based chemotherapy in symptomatic non-resectable supratentorial pure low-grade astrocytomas. Eur. J. Neurol. 12 (9), 685–690 (2005).Frenay MP, Fontaine D, Vandenbos F, Lebrun C. First-line nitrosourea-based chemotherapy in symptomatic non-resectable supratentorial pure low-grade astrocytomas. Eur. J. Neurol. 12 (9), 685–690 (2005).Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI). Epilepsy Res. 103 (1), 2–30 (2013).Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: A summary of the Eleventh Eilat Conference (EILAT XI). Epilepsy Res. 103 (1), 2–30 (2013).Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27 (28), 4733–4740 (2009).Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 27 (28), 4733–4740 (2009).Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern antiepileptic drugs for refractory epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 51 (1), 7–26 (2010).Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern antiepileptic drugs for refractory epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 51 (1), 7–26 (2010).Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern nonenzyme-inducing AEDs for refractory focal epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 53 (3), 512–520 (2012).Beyenburg S, Stavem K, Schmidt D. Placebo-corrected efficacy of modern nonenzyme-inducing AEDs for refractory focal epilepsy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epilepsia 53 (3), 512–520 (2012).Wilby J, Kainth A, Hawkins N et al. Clinical effectiveness, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for epilepsy in adults: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. 9 (15), 1–157, III–IV (2005).Wilby J, Kainth A, Hawkins N et al. Clinical effectiveness, tolerability and cost-effectiveness of newer drugs for epilepsy in adults: A systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol. Assess. 9 (15), 1–157, III–IV (2005).Hanada T, Hashizume Y, Tokuhara N et al. Perampanel: A novel, orally active, noncompetitive AMPA-receptor antagonist that reduces seizure activity in rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 52 (7), 1331–1340 (2011).Hanada T, Hashizume Y, Tokuhara N et al. Perampanel: A novel, orally active, noncompetitive AMPA-receptor antagonist that reduces seizure activity in rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 52 (7), 1331–1340 (2011).French JA, Krauss GL, Steinhoff BJ et al. Evaluation of adjunctive perampanel in patients with refractory partial-onset seizures: Results of randomized global Phase III study 305. Epilepsia 54 (1), 117–125 (2013).French JA, Krauss GL, Steinhoff BJ et al. Evaluation of adjunctive perampanel in patients with refractory partial-onset seizures: Results of randomized global Phase III study 305. Epilepsia 54 (1), 117–125 (2013).French JA, Krauss GL, Biton V et al. Adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures: randomized Phase III study 304. Neurology 79 (6), 589–596 (2012).French JA, Krauss GL, Biton V et al. Adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures: randomized Phase III study 304. Neurology 79 (6), 589–596 (2012).Krauss GL, Serratosa JM, Villanueva V et al. Randomized Phase III study 306: Adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures. Neurology 78 (18), 1408–1415 (2012).Krauss GL, Serratosa JM, Villanueva V et al. Randomized Phase III study 306: Adjunctive perampanel for refractory partial-onset seizures. Neurology 78 (18), 1408–1415 (2012).Wannamaker W, Davies R, Namchuk M et al. (S)-1-((S)-2-{[1-(4-amino‑3-chlorophenyl)- methanoyl]-amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-pyrrolidine‑2-carboxylic acid ((2R,3S)-2-ethoxy‑5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan‑3-yl)-amide (VX‑765), an orally available selective interleukin (IL)-converting enzyme/caspase‑1 inhibitor, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the release of IL‑1beta and IL‑18. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321 (2), 509–516 (2007).Wannamaker W, Davies R, Namchuk M et al. (S)-1-((S)-2-{[1-(4-amino‑3-chlorophenyl)- methanoyl]-amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl)-pyrrolidine‑2-carboxylic acid ((2R,3S)-2-ethoxy‑5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan‑3-yl)-amide (VX‑765), an orally available selective interleukin (IL)-converting enzyme/caspase‑1 inhibitor, exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the release of IL‑1beta and IL‑18. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321 (2), 509–516 (2007).Perry JR, Sawka C. Add-on gabapentin for refractory seizures in patients with brain tumours. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 23 (2), 128–131 (1996).Perry JR, Sawka C. Add-on gabapentin for refractory seizures in patients with brain tumours. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 23 (2), 128–131 (1996).Striano S, Striano P, Boccella P, Nocerino C, Bilo L. Tiagabine in glial tumors. Epilepsy Res. 49 (1), 81–85 (2002).Striano S, Striano P, Boccella P, Nocerino C, Bilo L. Tiagabine in glial tumors. Epilepsy Res. 49 (1), 81–85 (2002).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Zarabla A et al. Outcome and tolerability of topiramate in brain tumor associated epilepsy. J. Neurooncol. 86 (1), 61–70 (2008).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Zarabla A et al. Outcome and tolerability of topiramate in brain tumor associated epilepsy. J. Neurooncol. 86 (1), 61–70 (2008).Lu Y, Yu W, Wang X. Efficacy of topiramate in adult patients with symptomatic epilepsy: an open-label, long-term, retrospective observation. CNS Drugs 23 (4), 351–359 (2009).Lu Y, Yu W, Wang X. Efficacy of topiramate in adult patients with symptomatic epilepsy: an open-label, long-term, retrospective observation. CNS Drugs 23 (4), 351–359 (2009).Novy J, Stupp R, Rossetti AO. Pregabalin in patients with primary brain tumors and seizures: a preliminary observation. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 111 (2), 171–173 (2009).Novy J, Stupp R, Rossetti AO. Pregabalin in patients with primary brain tumors and seizures: a preliminary observation. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 111 (2), 171–173 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Sperati F et al. Effect of pregabalin add-on treatment on seizure control, quality of life, and anxiety in patients with brain tumour-related epilepsy: A pilot study. Epileptic Disord. 14 (4), 388–397 (2012).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Sperati F et al. Effect of pregabalin add-on treatment on seizure control, quality of life, and anxiety in patients with brain tumour-related epilepsy: A pilot study. Epileptic Disord. 14 (4), 388–397 (2012).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Saveriano F et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide as add-on in brain tumor-related epilepsy: Preliminary report. Acta Neurol. Scand. 120 (3), 210–212 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Saveriano F et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide as add-on in brain tumor-related epilepsy: Preliminary report. Acta Neurol. Scand. 120 (3), 210–212 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Vidiri A et al. The role side effects play in the choice of antiepileptic therapy in brain tumor-related epilepsy: A comparative study on traditional antiepileptic drugs versus oxcarbazepine. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 60 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Vidiri A et al. The role side effects play in the choice of antiepileptic therapy in brain tumor-related epilepsy: A comparative study on traditional antiepileptic drugs versus oxcarbazepine. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 28, 60 (2009).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Mingoia M et al. Lacosamide as add-on in brain tumorrelated epilepsy: Preliminary report on efficacy and tolerability. J. Neurol. 258 (11), 2100–2104 (2011).Maschio M, Dinapoli L, Mingoia M et al. Lacosamide as add-on in brain tumorrelated epilepsy: Preliminary report on efficacy and tolerability. J. Neurol. 258 (11), 2100–2104 (2011).Wagner GL, Wilms EB, Van Donselaar CA, Vecht Ch J. Levetiracetam: Preliminary experience in patients with primary brain tumours. Seizure 12 (8), 585–586 (2003).Wagner GL, Wilms EB, Van Donselaar CA, Vecht Ch J. Levetiracetam: Preliminary experience in patients with primary brain tumours. Seizure 12 (8), 585–586 (2003).Newton HB, Goldlust SA, Pearl D. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in brain tumor patients. J. Neurooncol. 78 (1), 99–102 (2006).Newton HB, Goldlust SA, Pearl D. Retrospective analysis of the efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in brain tumor patients. J. Neurooncol. 78 (1), 99–102 (2006).Maschio M, Albani F, Baruzzi A et al. Levetiracetam therapy in patients with brain tumour and epilepsy. J. Neurooncol. 80 (1), 97–100 (2006).Maschio M, Albani F, Baruzzi A et al. Levetiracetam therapy in patients with brain tumour and epilepsy. J. Neurooncol. 80 (1), 97–100 (2006).Bähr O, Hermisson M, Rona S et al. Intravenous and oral levetiracetam in patients with a suspected primary brain tumor and symptomatic seizures undergoing neurosurgery: The HELLO trial. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 154 (2), 229–235; discussion 235 (2012).Bähr O, Hermisson M, Rona S et al. Intravenous and oral levetiracetam in patients with a suspected primary brain tumor and symptomatic seizures undergoing neurosurgery: The HELLO trial. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 154 (2), 229–235; discussion 235 (2012).Василенко А. В., Улитин А. Ю., Лебедев И. А., Аблаев Н. Р., Диконенко М. В., Мансуров А. С., Шайхов М. М. Эпилепсия у больных с глиобластомой: механизмы возникновения и проблемы лечения (часть 1). Медицинский Алфавит. 2023. № 14. С. 45–50.Vasilenko A. V., Ulitin A. Yu., Lebedev I. A., Ablaev N. R., Dikonenko M. V., Mansurov A. S., Shaykhov M. M. Epilepsy in patients with glioblastoma: Mechanisms of occurrence and treatment problems (part 1). Medical Alphabet. 2023. No. 14. Pp. 45–50.Василенко А. В., Улитин А. Ю., Аблаев Н. Р., Диконенко М. В., Мансуров А. С., Шайхов М. М. Эпилепсия у больных с глиомами: механизмы, лечение и влияние противосудорожной терапии. Российский журнал персонализированной медицины. 2023. Т. 3. № 3. С. 38–47.Vasilenko A. V., Ulitin A. Yu., Ablaev N. R., Dikonenko M. V., Mansurov A. S., Shaykhov M. M. Epilepsy in patients with gliomas: Mechanisms, treatment and effect of anticonvulsant therapy. Russian Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023. V. 3. No. 3. P. 38–47.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.