<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2023-25-32-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-3387</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Инфузионная терапия пациентов в критическом состоянии (состояние проблемы). Часть 1</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Infusion therapy in critical patients (state of problem). Part 1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6152-1175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жежук</surname><given-names>П. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhezhuk</surname><given-names>P. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жежук Павел Александрович, врач – анестезиолог-реаниматолог отделения реанимации</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhezhuk Pavel A., anesthesiologist-resuscitator in Intensive Care Unit</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pavel_zhezhuk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4535-2563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Власенко Алексей Викторович, д.м.н, проф., лауреат Премии правительства РФ в области науки и техники, зав. кафедрой анестезиологии и неотложной медицины, зав. отделом реанимации</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vlasenko Alexey V., DM Sci (habil.), professor, head of Dept of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine, head of Resuscitation Dept</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.vlasenko67@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евдокимов</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Evdokimov</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евдокимов Евгений Александрович, д.м.н, проф., почетный зав. кафедрой анестезиологии и неотложной медицины</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evdokimov Evgeniy A., DM Sci (habil.), professor, honorary head of Dept of Anesthesiology and Emergency Medicine</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ea_evdokimov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3614-6971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левиков</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Levikov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Левиков Дмитрий Ильич, зав. отделением реанимации</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Levikov Dmitry I., head of Resuscitation Dept</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dmitry248@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3852-8877</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионов</surname><given-names>Е. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionov</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Родионов Евгений Петрович, к.м.н, зам. гл. врача по анестезиологии и реанимации, доцент кафедры анестезиологии и неотложной медицины</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Rodionov Evgeniy P., PhD Med, deputy chief physician for Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, associate professor at Dept of Anesthesiology and EmergencyMedicine</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.rodionov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7263-0058</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маковей</surname><given-names>В. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makovey</surname><given-names>V. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Маковей Виктория Ивановна, к.м.н, доцент кафедры</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Makovey Victoria I., PhD Med, associate professor at Dept</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nica-m-med@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7320-3322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерофеев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Erofeev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ерофеев Владимир Владимирович, к.м.н, доцент кафедры</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Erofeev Vladimir V., PhD Med, associate professor at Dept</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">erofeevvv@rmapo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница имени С.П. Боткина Департамента здравоохранения Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ г. Москвы «Городская клиническая больница имени С.П. Боткина Департамента здравоохранения Москвы»; Кафедра анестезиологии и неотложной медицины ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская&#13;
академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital n.a. S.P. Botkin; Russian Medical Academy for Continuing Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра анестезиологии и неотложной медицины ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Medical Academy for Continuing Professional Education</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>25</issue><issue-title>Кардиология. Неотложная медицина (3)</issue-title><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жежук П.А., Власенко А.В., Евдокимов Е.А., Левиков Д.И., Родионов Е.П., Маковей В.И., Ерофеев В.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жежук П.А., Власенко А.В., Евдокимов Е.А., Левиков Д.И., Родионов Е.П., Маковей В.И., Ерофеев В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhezhuk P.A., Vlasenko A.V., Evdokimov E.A., Levikov D.I., Rodionov E.P., Makovey V.I., Erofeev V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/3387">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/3387</self-uri><abstract><p>Инфузионная терапия является важным компонентом лечения многих заболеваний и одним из основных методов интенсивной терапии пациентов реанимационного профиля. Активная инфузионная терапия с использованием разных инфузионных сред, больших объемов и высоких скоростей внутривенного введения жидкости особенно актуальна у пациентов, пострадавших и раненых, в критическом состоянии, наиболее тяжелым из которых остается септический шок. На протяжении более двух столетий клинического применения инфузионная терапия прошла большой эволюционный путь и стала более эффективной и безопасной. Однако, как и любое лекарственное средство, инфузионная терапия (в целом и конкретные инфузионные среды) имеет ряд побочных эффектов, особенно при ее чрезмерном использовании. Поэтому в последние годы применение инфузионной терапии рассматривается как назначение любого лекарства с учетом показаний, противопоказаний, способов введения, дозирования, продолжительности, деэскалации. Это позволило выделить основные этапы инфузионной терапии критических состояний и шока: интенсивная инфузионная терапия (быстрое введение большого объема жидкости), оптимизация инфузионной терапии (снижение скорости и объема инфузии), стабилизация пациента и минимизация инфузии, дереанимация (удаление избыточной жидкости из организма). По мере развития клинической патофизиологии были пересмотрены основные представления о поддержании жидкостного гомеостаза организма в норме и при критических состояниях, изучены отрицательные эффекты инфузионной терапии на всех этапах ее применения. Поэтому при интенсивной терапии шока основными клиническими вопросами являются: когда следует начинать инфузионную терапию, когда прекращать активную инфузионную терапию, когда начинать удаление жидкости из организма и когда прекращать жидкостную дереанимацию. Таким образом, для реализации принципа персонифицированного лечения важно определить не только «переносимость» инфузионной терапии, но и «чувствительность» к инфузии конкретного пациента – возможность поддержания гемодинамики без риска перегрузки жидкостью. Оценка рутинных клинических, инструментальных и лабораторных показателей состояния макро- и микроциркуляции не дает возможность прецизионно ответить на эти вопросы. Современные сонографические методы мониторинга центральной и периферической кардиогемодинамики, «венозного избытка» с использованием доплеровской и расширенной фокусной эхокардиографии позволяют оценить «переносимость инфузионной терапии». Реализация этого нового направления повысит эффективность и безопасность инфузионной терапии и улучшит результаты лечения пациентов в критическом состоянии. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Infusion therapy is an important component of many diseases treatment – and one of the main methods of intensive care for intensive care patients. Active infusion therapy using different infusion media, large volumes and high rates of intravenous fluid is especially relevant in critical patients, the most severe of which remains patients with septic shock. For more than two centuries of clinical use, infusion therapy has gone through a long evolutionary path and has become more effective and safer. However, like any drug, infusion therapy (in general and specific infusion media) has a number of side effects, especially when used excessively. Therefore, in recent years, the use of infusion therapy is considered as the appointment of any drug, taking into account indications, contraindications, methods of administration, dosing, duration, deescalation. This made it possible to identify the main stages of infusion therapy of critical conditions and shock: intensive infusion therapy (rapid administration of a large fluid volume), optimization of infusion therapy (reduction of the rate and volume of infusion), stabilization of the patient and minimization of infusion, de-resuscitation – removal of excess fluid from the body. With the development of clinical pathophysiology, the basic concepts of maintaining fluid homeostasis of the body in normal and critical conditions were revised, and the negative effects of infusion therapy at all stages of its use were studied. Therefore, in the intensive care of shock, the main clinical questions are: when to start fluid therapy, when to stop active fluid therapy, when to start fluid removal from the body, and when to stop fluid de-resuscitation. Thus, in order to implement the principle of personalized treatment, it is important to determine not only the «tolerance» of infusion therapy, but also the «sensitivity» to the infusion of a particular patient – the ability to maintain hemodynamics without the risk of fluid overload. Evaluation of routine clinical, instrumental and laboratory indicators of the state of macro- and microcirculation does not provide an opportunity to accurately answer these questions. Modern sonographic methods for monitoring central and peripheral cardiohemodynamics, ‘venous excess’ using Doppler and extended focus echocardiography allow us to assess the ‘tolerance of infusion therapy’. The implementation of this new direction will increase the efficiency and safety of infusion therapy and improve the outcomes of the critically ill patients’ treatment.</p><p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфузионная терапия</kwd><kwd>критическое состояния</kwd><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>шок</kwd><kwd>гипергидратация.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infusion therapy</kwd><kwd>critical condition</kwd><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>shock</kwd><kwd>hyperhydration.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I, Cordemans C, Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, Van Regenmortel N. Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: A systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malbrain ML, Marik PE, Witters I, Cordemans C, Kirkpatrick AW, Roberts DJ, Van Regenmortel N. Fluid overload, de-resuscitation, and outcomes in critically ill or injured patients: A systematic review with suggestions for clinical practice. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T, Philippart F, Poussel JF, Maizel J, Forceville X, Feissel M, Hasselmann M, Heininger A, et al. Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T, Philippart F, Poussel JF, Maizel J, Forceville X, Feissel M, Hasselmann M, Heininger A, et al. Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.4 vs. 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: The CRYSTMAS study. Crit Care. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, Tenhunen J, Klemenzson G, Aneman A, Madsen KR, Moller MH, Elkjaer JM, Poulsen LM, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perner A, Haase N, Guttormsen AB, Tenhunen J, Klemenzson G, Aneman A, Madsen KR, Moller MH, Elkjaer JM, Poulsen LM, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42versus Ringer’s acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Regenmortel N, Jorens PG, Malbrain ML. Fluid management before, during and after elective surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Regenmortel N, Jorens PG, Malbrain ML. Fluid management before, during and after elective surgery. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malbrain ML, Van Regenmortel N, Owczuk R. It is time to consider the four D’s of fluid management. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malbrain ML, Van Regenmortel N, Owczuk R. It is time to consider the four D’s of fluid management. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L, Cass A, Gattas D, Glass P, Lipman J, Liu B, McArthur C, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L, Cass A, Gattas D, Glass P, Lipman J, Liu B, McArthur C, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S, Martin C, Elatrous S, Declere AD, Preiser JC, Outin H, Troche G, Charpentier C, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: The CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Annane D, Siami S, Jaber S, Martin C, Elatrous S, Declere AD, Preiser JC, Outin H, Troche G, Charpentier C, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: The CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Myburgh JA, Mythen MG. Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Myburgh JA, Mythen MG. Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duchesne JC, Kaplan LJ, Balogh ZJ, Malbrain ML. Role of permissive hypotension, hypertonic resuscitation and the global increased permeability syndrome in patients with severe hemorrhage: adjuncts to damage control resuscitation to prevent intra-abdominal hypertension. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duchesne JC, Kaplan LJ, Balogh ZJ, Malbrain ML. Role of permissive hypotension, hypertonic resuscitation and the global increased permeability syndrome in patients with severe hemorrhage: adjuncts to damage control resuscitation to prevent intra-abdominal hypertension. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D. Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, Ranieri VM, Reinhart K, Gerlach H, Moreno R, Carlet J, Le Gall JR, Payen D. Sepsis in European intensive care units: Results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakr Y, Rubatto Birri PN, Kotfis K, Nanchal R, Shah B, Kluge S, Schroeder ME, Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Intensive Care Over Nations I. Higher fluid balance increases the risk of death from sepsis: Results from a large international audit. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakr Y, Rubatto Birri PN, Kotfis K, Nanchal R, Shah B, Kluge S, Schroeder ME, Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Intensive Care Over Nations I. Higher fluid balance increases the risk of death from sepsis: Results from a large international audit. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jozwiak M, Silva S, Persichini R, Anguel N, Osman D, Richard C, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water is an independent prognostic factor in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jozwiak M, Silva S, Persichini R, Anguel N, Osman D, Richard C, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water is an independent prognostic factor in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinsky MR. Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU. Chest. 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinsky MR. Hemodynamic evaluation and monitoring in the ICU. Chest. 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Connor ME, Prowle JR. Fluid overload. Crit Care Clin. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Connor ME, Prowle JR. Fluid overload. Crit Care Clin. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benes J, Kirov M, Kuzkov V, Lainscak M, Molnar Z, Voga G, Monnet X. Fluid therapy: Double-edged sword during critical care? Biomed Res Int. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benes J, Kirov M, Kuzkov V, Lainscak M, Molnar Z, Voga G, Monnet X. Fluid therapy: Double-edged sword during critical care? Biomed Res Int. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vandervelden S, Malbrain ML. Initial resuscitation from severe sepsis: One size does not fit all. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vandervelden S, Malbrain ML. Initial resuscitation from severe sepsis: One size does not fit all. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: An improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woodcock TE, Woodcock TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: An improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: Intensive Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, Levy MM, Antonelli M, Ferrer R, Kumar A, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Nunnally ME, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: Intensive Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, Fumagalli R, Pesenti A, Romero M, Fanizza C, Caspani L, Faenza S, Grasselli G, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caironi P, Tognoni G, Masson S, Fumagalli R, Pesenti A, Romero M, Fanizza C, Caspani L, Faenza S, Grasselli G, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khajavi MR, Etezadi F, Moharari RS, Imani F, Meysamie AP, Khashayar P, Najafi A. Effects of normal saline vs. lactated ringer’s during renal transplantation. Ren Fail. 2008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khajavi MR, Etezadi F, Moharari RS, Imani F, Meysamie AP, Khashayar P, Najafi A. Effects of normal saline vs. lactated ringer’s during renal transplantation. Ren Fail. 2008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Langer T, Santini A, Scotti E, Van Regenmortel N, Malbrain ML, Caironi P. Intravenous balanced solutions: from physiology to clinical evidence. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Langer T, Santini A, Scotti E, Van Regenmortel N, Malbrain ML, Caironi P. Intravenous balanced solutions: from physiology to clinical evidence. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, Story D, Ho L, Bailey M. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte (R) 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chowdhury AH, Cox EF, Francis ST, Lobo DN. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusions of 0.9% saline and plasma-lyte (R) 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Regenmortel N, De Weerdt T, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Roelant E, Verbrugghe W, Dams K, Malbrain M, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. Effect of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance fluid therapy on urine output, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis: A crossover study in fasting adult volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Regenmortel N, De Weerdt T, Van Craenenbroeck AH, Roelant E, Verbrugghe W, Dams K, Malbrain M, Van den Wyngaert T, Jorens PG. Effect of isotonic versus hypotonic maintenance fluid therapy on urine output, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis: A crossover study in fasting adult volunteers. Br J Anaesth. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Stollings JL, Self WH, Siew ED, Wang L, Byrne DW, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit. The SALT randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Stollings JL, Self WH, Siew ED, Wang L, Byrne DW, Shaw AD, Bernard GR, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in the intensive care unit. The SALT randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Young JB, Utter GH, Schermer CR, Galante JM, Phan HH, Yang Y, Anderson BA, Scherer LA. Saline versus Plasma-Lyte A in initial resuscitation of trauma patients: A randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Young JB, Utter GH, Schermer CR, Galante JM, Phan HH, Yang Y, Anderson BA, Scherer LA. Saline versus Plasma-Lyte A in initial resuscitation of trauma patients: A randomized trial. Ann Surg. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, Ehrenfeld JM, Wang L, Byrne DW, Stollings JL, Kumar AB, Hughes CG, Hernandez A, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Self WH, Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Wang L, Byrne DW, Collins SP, Slovis CM, Lindsell CJ, Ehrenfeld JM, Siew ED, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in noncritically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Self WH, Semler MW, Wanderer JP, Wang L, Byrne DW, Collins SP, Slovis CM, Lindsell CJ, Ehrenfeld JM, Siew ED, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in noncritically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hahn RG. Volume kinetics for infusion fluids. Anesthesiology. 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahn RG. Volume kinetics for infusion fluids. Anesthesiology. 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hahn RG. Why crystalloids will do the job in the operating room. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahn RG. Why crystalloids will do the job in the operating room. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrod PJ, Awad S, Redfern A, Morgan L, Lobo DN. Hypo- and hypernatraemia in surgical patients: Is there room for improvement? World J Surg. 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrod PJ, Awad S, Redfern A, Morgan L, Lobo DN. Hypo- and hypernatraemia in surgical patients: Is there room for improvement? World J Surg. 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McNab S, Duke T, South M, Babl FE, Lee KJ, Arnup SJ, Young S, Turner H, Davidson A. 140 mmol/L of sodium versus 77 mmol/L of sodium in maintenance intravenous fluid therapy for children in hospital (PIMS): A randomised controlled double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McNab S, Duke T, South M, Babl FE, Lee KJ, Arnup SJ, Young S, Turner H, Davidson A. 140 mmol/L of sodium versus 77 mmol/L of sodium in maintenance intravenous fluid therapy for children in hospital (PIMS): A randomised controlled double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Maintenance intravenous fluids in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moritz ML, Ayus JC. Maintenance intravenous fluids in acutely ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Simpson JA, Anderson JA, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. Dilution and redistribution effects of rapid 2-litre infusions of 0.9% (w/v) saline and 5% (w/v) dextrose on haematological parameters and serum biochemistry in normal subjects: a double-blind crossover study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobo DN, Stanga Z, Simpson JA, Anderson JA, Rowlands BJ, Allison SP. Dilution and redistribution effects of rapid 2-litre infusions of 0.9% (w/v) saline and 5% (w/v) dextrose on haematological parameters and serum biochemistry in normal subjects: a double-blind crossover study. Clin Sci (Lond). 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padhi S, Bullock I, Li L, Stroud M, National Institute for H, Care Excellence Guideline Development G. Intravenous fluid therapy for adults in hospital: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padhi S, Bullock I, Li L, Stroud M, National Institute for H, Care Excellence Guideline Development G. Intravenous fluid therapy for adults in hospital: Summary of NICE guidance. BMJ. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soni N. British consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy for adult surgical patients (GIFTASUP): Cassandra’s view. Anaesthesia. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soni N. British consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy for adult surgical patients (GIFTASUP): Cassandra’s view. Anaesthesia. 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Waele E, Honore PM, Malbrain M. Does the use of indirect calorimetry change outcome in the ICU? Yes it does. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Waele E, Honore PM, Malbrain M. Does the use of indirect calorimetry change outcome in the ICU? Yes it does. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murphy CV, Schramm GE, Doherty JA, Reichley RM, Gajic O, Afessa B, Micek ST, Kollef MH. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murphy CV, Schramm GE, Doherty JA, Reichley RM, Gajic O, Afessa B, Micek ST, Kollef MH. The importance of fluid management in acute lung injury secondary to septic shock. Chest. 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettila V, Aaen A, Lodahl D, Berthelsen RE, Christensen H, et al. Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: The CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hjortrup PB, Haase N, Bundgaard H, Thomsen SL, Winding R, Pettila V, Aaen A, Lodahl D, Berthelsen RE, Christensen H, et al. Restricting volumes of resuscitation fluid in adults with septic shock after initial management: The CLASSIC randomised, parallel-group, multicentre feasibility trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Huber W, Malbrain MLNG. Fluid management in critically ill patients: the role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak and fluid balance. Annals Intensive Care. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Huber W, Malbrain MLNG. Fluid management in critically ill patients: the role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak and fluid balance. Annals Intensive Care. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Martin G, Huber W, Malbrain ML. Aiming for a negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury and increased intra-abdominal pressure: A pilot study looking at the effects of PAL-treatment. Ann Intensive Care. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Martin G, Huber W, Malbrain ML. Aiming for a negative fluid balance in patients with acute lung injury and increased intra-abdominal pressure: A pilot study looking at the effects of PAL-treatment. Ann Intensive Care. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elbers PW, Girbes A, Malbrain ML, Bosman R. Right dose, right now: Using big data to optimize antibiotic dosing in the critically ill. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elbers PW, Girbes A, Malbrain ML, Bosman R. Right dose, right now: Using big data to optimize antibiotic dosing in the critically ill. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hahn RG, Lyons G. The half-life of infusion fluids: An educational review. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hahn RG, Lyons G. The half-life of infusion fluids: An educational review. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2016</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: An update. Ann Intensive Care. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: An update. Ann Intensive Care. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guerin L, Teboul JL, Persichini R, Dres M, Richard C, Monnet X. Effects of passive leg raising and volume expansion on mean systemic pressure and venous return in shock in humans. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guerin L, Teboul JL, Persichini R, Dres M, Richard C, Monnet X. Effects of passive leg raising and volume expansion on mean systemic pressure and venous return in shock in humans. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Malbrain M, Tang WH, Mullens W. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Malbrain M, Tang WH, Mullens W. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentzer P, Griesdale DE, Boyd J, MacLean K, Sirounis D, Ayas NT. Will this hemodynamically unstable patient respond to a bolus of intravenous fluids? JAMA. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentzer P, Griesdale DE, Boyd J, MacLean K, Sirounis D, Ayas NT. Will this hemodynamically unstable patient respond to a bolus of intravenous fluids? JAMA. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jozwiak M, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water in critical care: Recent advances and clinical applications. Ann Intensive Care. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jozwiak M, Teboul JL, Monnet X. Extravascular lung water in critical care: Recent advances and clinical applications. Ann Intensive Care. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 (19): 1368–77.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 (19): 1368–77.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osborn TM. Severe sepsis and septic shock trials (ProCESS, ARISE, ProMISe): What is optimal resuscitation? Crit Care Clin. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osborn TM. Severe sepsis and septic shock trials (ProCESS, ARISE, ProMISe): What is optimal resuscitation? Crit Care Clin. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pro CI, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pro CI, Yealy DM, Kellum JA, Huang DT, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Pike F, Terndrup T, Wang HE, Hou PC, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Investigators A, Group ACT, Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Investigators A, Group ACT, Peake SL, Delaney A, Bailey M, Bellomo R, Cameron PA, Cooper DJ, Higgins AM, Holdgate A, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Tan JC, Harvey SE, Bell D et al. Protocolised Management in Sepsis (ProMISe): A multicentre randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early, goal-directed, protocolised resuscitation for emerging septic shock. Health Technol Assess. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, Harrison DA, Sadique MZ, Grieve RD, Jahan R, Tan JC, Harvey SE, Bell D et al. Protocolised Management in Sepsis (ProMISe): A multicentre randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of early, goal-directed, protocolised resuscitation for emerging septic shock. Health Technol Assess. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marik PE. Iatrogenic salt water drowning and the hazards of a high central venous pressure. Ann Intensive Care. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marik PE. Iatrogenic salt water drowning and the hazards of a high central venous pressure. Ann Intensive Care. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marik PE, Malbrain M. The SEP-1 quality mandate may be harmful: How to drown a patient with 30 mL per kg fluid! Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marik PE, Malbrain M. The SEP-1 quality mandate may be harmful: How to drown a patient with 30 mL per kg fluid! Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalil AC, Johnson DW, Lisco SJ, Sun J. Early goal-directed therapy for sepsis: A novel solution for discordant survival outcomes in clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalil AC, Johnson DW, Lisco SJ, Sun J. Early goal-directed therapy for sepsis: A novel solution for discordant survival outcomes in clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, et al. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, Engoru C, Olupot-Olupot P, Akech SO, Nyeko R, Mtove G, Reyburn H, Lang T, et al. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC, Mabula C, Bwalya M, Bernard GR. Effect of an early resuscitation protocol on in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis and hypotension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrews B, Semler MW, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC, Mabula C, Bwalya M, Bernard GR. Effect of an early resuscitation protocol on in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis and hypotension: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andrews B, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC, Bernard GR. Simplified severe sepsis protocol: A randomized controlled trial of modified early goal-directed therapy in Zambia. Crit Care Med. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrews B, Muchemwa L, Kelly P, Lakhi S, Heimburger DC, Bernard GR. Simplified severe sepsis protocol: A randomized controlled trial of modified early goal-directed therapy in Zambia. Crit Care Med. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, Lemeshow S, Osborn T, Terry KM, Levy MM. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, Lemeshow S, Osborn T, Terry KM, Levy MM. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perel A, Saugel B, Teboul JL, Malbrain ML, Belda FJ, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Kirov M, Wendon J, Lussmann R, Maggiorini M: The effects of advanced monitoring on hemodynamic management in critically ill patients: A pre and post questionnaire study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perel A, Saugel B, Teboul JL, Malbrain ML, Belda FJ, Fernandez-Mondejar E, Kirov M, Wendon J, Lussmann R, Maggiorini M: The effects of advanced monitoring on hemodynamic management in critically ill patients: A pre and post questionnaire study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saugel B, Trepte CJ, Heckel K, Wagner JY, Reuter DA. Hemodynamic management of septic shock: Is it time for ‘individualized goal-directed hemodynamic therapy’ and for specifically targeting the microcirculation? Shock. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saugel B, Trepte CJ, Heckel K, Wagner JY, Reuter DA. Hemodynamic management of septic shock: Is it time for ‘individualized goal-directed hemodynamic therapy’ and for specifically targeting the microcirculation? Shock. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saugel B, Malbrain ML, Perel A. Hemodynamic monitoring in the era of evidence-based medicine. Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saugel B, Malbrain ML, Perel A. Hemodynamic monitoring in the era of evidence-based medicine. Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muckart DJJ, Malbrain M. The future of evidence-based medicine: Is the frog still boiling? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muckart DJJ, Malbrain M. The future of evidence-based medicine: Is the frog still boiling? Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weil MH, Henning RJ. New concepts in the diagnosis and fluid treatment of circulatory shock. Thirteenth annual Becton, Dickinson and Company Oscar Schwidetsky Memorial Lecture. Anesth Analg. 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weil MH, Henning RJ. New concepts in the diagnosis and fluid treatment of circulatory shock. Thirteenth annual Becton, Dickinson and Company Oscar Schwidetsky Memorial Lecture. Anesth Analg. 1979.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet X, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising: Five rules, not a drop of fluid! Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet X, Teboul JL. Passive leg raising: Five rules, not a drop of fluid! Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jozwiak M, Depret F, Teboul JL, Alphonsine JE, Lai C, Richard C, Monnet X. Predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients by using combined end-expiratory and end-inspiratory occlusions with echocardiography. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jozwiak M, Depret F, Teboul JL, Alphonsine JE, Lai C, Richard C, Monnet X. Predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients by using combined end-expiratory and end-inspiratory occlusions with echocardiography. Crit Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL, Pettila V, Wilkman E, Molnar Z, Della Rocca G, Aldecoa C, Artigas A, Jog S, et al. Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: A global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL, Pettila V, Wilkman E, Molnar Z, Della Rocca G, Aldecoa C, Artigas A, Jog S, et al. Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: A global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hofkens PJ, Verrijcken A, Merveille K, Neirynck S, Van Regenmortel N, De Laet I, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Bein B, Huber W, et al. Common pitfalls and tips and tricks to get the most out of your transpulmonary thermodilution device: Results of a survey and state-of-the-art review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hofkens PJ, Verrijcken A, Merveille K, Neirynck S, Van Regenmortel N, De Laet I, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Bein B, Huber W, et al. Common pitfalls and tips and tricks to get the most out of your transpulmonary thermodilution device: Results of a survey and state-of-the-art review. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagshaw SM, Brophy PD, Cruz D, Ronco C. Fluid balance as a biomarker: Impact of fluid overload on outcome in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagshaw SM, Brophy PD, Cruz D, Ronco C. Fluid balance as a biomarker: Impact of fluid overload on outcome in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang N, Jiang L, Zhu B, Wen Y, Xi XM, Beijing Acute Kidney Injury Trial W. Fluid balance and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: A multicenter prospective epidemiological study. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang N, Jiang L, Zhu B, Wen Y, Xi XM, Beijing Acute Kidney Injury Trial W. Fluid balance and mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: A multicenter prospective epidemiological study. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lee J, Lo S, McArthur C, McGuiness S, Norton R, et al. An observational study fluid balance and patient outcomes in the randomized evaluation of normal vs. augmented level of replacement therapy trial. Crit Care Med. 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellomo R, Cass A, Cole L, Finfer S, Gallagher M, Lee J, Lo S, McArthur C, McGuiness S, Norton R, et al. An observational study fluid balance and patient outcomes in the randomized evaluation of normal vs. augmented level of replacement therapy trial. Crit Care Med. 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teboul JL, Monnet X. Detecting volume responsiveness and unresponsiveness in intensive care unit patients: Two different problems, only one solution. Crit Care. 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teboul JL, Monnet X. Detecting volume responsiveness and unresponsiveness in intensive care unit patients: Two different problems, only one solution. Crit Care. 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet X, Teboul JL. Transpulmonary thermodilution: advantages and limits. Crit Care. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet X, Teboul JL. Transpulmonary thermodilution: advantages and limits. Crit Care. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malbrain ML, Peeters Y, Wise R. The neglected role of abdominal compliance in organ-organ interactions. Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malbrain ML, Peeters Y, Wise R. The neglected role of abdominal compliance in organ-organ interactions. Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoste EA, Maitland K, Brudney CS, Mehta R, Vincent JL, Yates D, Kellum JA, Mythen MG, Shaw AD, Group AXI. Four phases of intravenous fluid therapy: A conceptual model. Br J Anaesth. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoste EA, Maitland K, Brudney CS, Mehta R, Vincent JL, Yates D, Kellum JA, Mythen MG, Shaw AD, Group AXI. Four phases of intravenous fluid therapy: A conceptual model. Br J Anaesth. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Acheampong A, Vincent JL. A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Acheampong A, Vincent JL. A positive fluid balance is an independent prognostic factor in patients with sepsis. Crit Care. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bashir MU, Tawil A, Mani VR, Farooq U, DeVita A. Hidden obligatory fluid intake in critical care patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bashir MU, Tawil A, Mani VR, Farooq U, DeVita A. Hidden obligatory fluid intake in critical care patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malbrain ML, De Laet I. AIDS is coming to your ICU: Be prepared for acute bowel injury and acute intestinal distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malbrain ML, De Laet I. AIDS is coming to your ICU: Be prepared for acute bowel injury and acute intestinal distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Monnet X, Marik PE, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: An update. Ann Intensive Care. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monnet X, Marik PE, Teboul JL. Prediction of fluid responsiveness: An update. Ann Intensive Care. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent JL, De Backer D, Wiedermann CJ. Fluid management in sepsis: The potential beneficial effects of albumin. J Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent JL, De Backer D, Wiedermann CJ. Fluid management in sepsis: The potential beneficial effects of albumin. J Crit Care. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McDermid RC, Raghunathan K, Romanovsky A, Shaw AD, Bagshaw SM. Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity. World J Crit Care Med. 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McDermid RC, Raghunathan K, Romanovsky A, Shaw AD, Bagshaw SM. Controversies in fluid therapy: Type, dose and toxicity. World J Crit Care Med. 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rivers EP. Fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury – liberal, conservative, or both? N Engl J Med. 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rivers EP. Fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury – liberal, conservative, or both? N Engl J Med. 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellamy MC. Wet, dry or something else? Br J Anaesth. 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellamy MC. Wet, dry or something else? Br J Anaesth. 2006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. The influence of volume management on outcome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. The influence of volume management on outcome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vincent JL, De Backer D. Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vincent JL, De Backer D. Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
