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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2022-26-7-12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-2840</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гепатоцеллюлярный рак невирусной этиологии: вопросов больше, чем ответов?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Hepatocellular cancer of non-viral etiology: more questions than answers?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-4294</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бредер</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Breder</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бредер Валерий Владимирович, д. м. н., вед. н. с.; президент</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Breder Valery V., DM Sci (habil.), leading professor researcher; president</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vbreder@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9864-3837</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покатаев</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokataev</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Покатаев Илья Анатольевич, д. м.н, рук. службы химиотерапевтического лечения</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pokataev Ilya A., DM Sci (habil.), head of Chemotherapy Treatment Service</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pokia@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8917-5610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдельгафур</surname><given-names>Омар Ахмед Юсри Мохамед Закария</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdelgafur</surname><given-names>Omar Ahmed Yousri Mohamed Zak</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абдельгафур Омар Ахмед Юсри Мохамед Закария, к. м. н., зав. отделом клинических и научных исследований, врач-онколог</p><p>Чебоксары</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Abdelgafur Omar Ahmed Yousri Mohamed Zakaria, PhD Med, head of Dept of Clinical and Scientific Research, oncologist</p><p>Cheboksary</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abdelgafur75@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2003-7938</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авраменко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avramenko</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Авраменко Инна Владимировна, зав. 11-м химиотерапевтическим отделением</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Avramenko Inna V., head of 11th Chemotherapy Dept</p><p>Saint Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">innchik1980@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-7945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горяинова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryainova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горяинова Алла Юрьевна, врач-онколог, химиотерапевт, зав.координационным отделом лекарственного обеспечения; ассистент кафедры онкологии с курсом торакальной хирургии ФПК и ППС</p><p>Краснодар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Goryainova Alla Yu., oncologist, chemotherapist, head of Coordinating Dept of Drug Supply; assistant at Department of Oncology with the Course of Thoracic Surgery</p><p>Krasnodar</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mashelueva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9202-1321</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселев</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiselyov</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Киселев Николай Михайлович, к. м. н., зав. 2-м онкологическим отделением абдоминальной онкологии и рентгенохирургических методов диагностики и лечения; доцент кафедры факультетской хирургии и трансплантологии</p><p>Нижний Новгород</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kiselyov Nikolai M., PhD Med, head of 2nd Oncology Dept of Abdominal Oncology and X-Ray Surgical Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment; associate professor at Dept of Faculty Surgery and Transplantology</p><p>Nizhny Novgorod</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdkiselevnm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России; АНО «Междисциплинарное общество специалистов по опухолям печени»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Centre of Oncology n. a. N. N. Blokhin; Interdisciplinary Society of Liver Tumor Specialists</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая онкологическая больница № 1 Департамента здравоохранения Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Oncology Hospital No. 1</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АУ ЧР «Республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» Минздрава Чувашской Республики</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>СПб ГБУЗ «Городской клинический онкологический диспансер»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Oncology Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер № 1» Минздрава Краснодарского края; ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnodar Regional Clinical Oncology Centre; Kuban State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБУЗ НО «Нижегородский областной клинический онкологический диспансер»; ФГБОУ ВО «Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Oncology Centre; Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>26</issue><issue-title>Диагностика и онкотерапия (3)</issue-title><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бредер В.В., Покатаев И.А., Абдельгафур О., Авраменко И.В., Горяинова А.Ю., Киселев Н.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бредер В.В., Покатаев И.А., Абдельгафур О., Авраменко И.В., Горяинова А.Ю., Киселев Н.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Breder V.V., Pokataev I.A., Abdelgafur O., Avramenko I.V., Goryainova A.Y., Kiselyov N.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2840">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2840</self-uri><abstract><p>Гепатоцеллюлярный рак (ГЦР) представляет собой проблему общественного здравоохранения по всему миру и является одним из наиболее распространенных и смертельных видов рака. Рак печени занимает шестое место среди наиболее распространенных видов рака и второе место в мире по смертности от рака. Основными факторами риска развития ГЦР выступают вирусные гепатиты, алкоголь и цирроз печени как исход воспаления любой этиологии в том числе неалкогольного стеатогепатита. Накопление капель жира в гепатоцитах в различной степени – от жирового гепатоза до стеатогепатита – является одним из морфологических проявлений метаболических нарушений, включающих гипертензию, центральное ожирение, инсулинорезистентность и атерогенную дислипидемию. Эти метаболические нарушения ассоциируются с риском развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, сахарного диабета, злокачественных опухолей и неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП). В свою очередь, эти метаболические нарушения, или метаболический синдром (МетС), могут быть самостоятельным фактором риска развития ГЦР. В когортных исследованиях выявлено значимое увеличение риска развития ГЦР у больных вирусным гепатитом при чрезмерном употреблении алкоголя или наличии одного или нескольких признаков МетС. Известная множественность молекулярных механизмов гепатоканцерогенеза лишь подчеркивает неоднозначность выделения единственного фактора риска, речь может идти лишь о потенциально доминантной причине развития рака печени. В отсутствие значимых молекулярных предикторов эффективности зарегистрированных опций лекарственной терапии ГЦР в опубликованных данных регистрационных исследований комбинаций иммуноонкологических препаратов выявлены разнонаправленные результаты в эффективности в подгруппах пациентов с доминантными факторами риска, прежде всего вирус-ассоциированным и невирусным, развития ГЦР. В настоящее время проведение проспективных клинических исследований для изучения эффективности и безопасности лечения в зависимости от этиологии на практике затруднено, важно ориентироваться на данные реальной клинической практики, чтобы иметь ориентиры для принятия решения в отношении лечения ГЦР невирусной этиологии.  </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a public health problem worldwide and is one of the most common and lethal cancers worldwide, the sixth among the most common cancers and the second mortal cancer worldwide. Viral hepatitis is the main risk factor. Growing evidence suggests that the metabolic syndrome, which includes hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, increases the risk of developing HCC. Epidemic of obesity, the proportion of HCC with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the Russian population is 17.4 %. In clinical practice, it is often difficult to identify the leading etiological factor. In a patient with concomitant viral hepatitis, HCC may be associated with alcohol abuse or metabolic disorders. In clinical trials, investigators evaluate the most likely etiology of HCC, and studies analyze subgroup: HBV, HCV, and non-viral etiologies, which include a variety of liver diseases: alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD, autoimmune hepatitis, and others. Differences in the effectiveness of systemic therapy depend on the main etiological factor has been published recently. Pivotal studies of combinations of immuno-oncological drugs have shown mixed results in efficacy. For the combination of atezolizumab with bevacizumab and pembrolizumab with lenvatinib, there was no difference in OS in non-viral subgroups, although the difference was significant for the combination of durvalumab with tremelimumab compared with TKIs from the control group. A multivariate analysis of patient characteristics showed that lenvatinib is an independent prognostic factor for OS, reducing the risk of death by 35 % compared with atezolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in patients with non-viral HCC etiology in the A. Casadei-Gardini study. The same has been proven for the NASH/NAFLD subgroup. Currently, it is difficult to conduct prospective clinical trials to assess the efficacy and safety of treatment depending on the etiology, it is important to focus on data from real-world evidence in order to have guidelines for making decisions regarding the treatment of non-viral HCC.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома</kwd><kwd>ГЦР</kwd><kwd>невирусная этиология</kwd><kwd>НАСГ</kwd><kwd>неалкогольный стеатогепатит</kwd><kwd>НАСГ</kwd><kwd>неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>НАЖБП</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>тирозинкиназные ингибиторы</kwd><kwd>ТКИ</kwd><kwd>сорафениб</kwd><kwd>ленватиниб</kwd><kwd>атезолизумаб</kwd><kwd>бевацизумаб</kwd><kwd>ниволумаб</kwd><kwd>дурвалумаб</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatocellular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>HCC</kwd><kwd>non-viral etiology</kwd><kwd>NASH</kwd><kwd>non-alcoholic steatohepatitis</kwd><kwd>NASH</kwd><kwd>non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</kwd><kwd>NAFLD</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>tyrosine kinase inhibitors</kwd><kwd>TKIs</kwd><kwd>sorafenib</kwd><kwd>lenvatinib</kwd><kwd>atezolizumab</kwd><kwd>bevacizumab</kwd><kwd>nivolumab</kwd><kwd>durvalumab</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Публикация подготовлена при финансовой поддержке компании «Эйсай». Авторы несут полную ответственность за содержание и редактирование публикации.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The publication was prepared with the financial support of Eisai. The authors are entirely responsible for the content and editing of the publication.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2019. WHO; 2020. Accessed December 11, 2020. who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Estimates 2020: Deaths by cause, age, sex, by country and by region, 2000–2019. WHO; 2020. 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