medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2022-16-44-50medalphabet-2731Research ArticleДЕТСКАЯ НУТРИЦИОЛОГИЯФормирование и роль кишечной микробиоты у доношенных и недоношенных новорожденных. Акцент на грудное вскармливаниеDevelopment and role of intestinal microbiota in term and preterm newborn babies. Accent on breast feedinghttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3738-3792ГрибакинС. Г.GribakinS. G.

Грибакин Сергей Германович, д.м.н., профессор кафедры диетологии и нутрициологии

Москва

Gribakin Sergey G., DM Sci (habil.), professor of the Dept of Dietology and Nutrition

Moscow

serg.gribakin2016@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4689-3591ОрловаС. В.OrlovaS. V.

Орлова Светлана Владимировна, д.м.н., проф., зав. кафедрой диетологии и клинической нутрициологии

Москва

Orlova Svetlana V., D. M. Sci. (habil.), professor, head of Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutritiology

Moscow

orlova-sv@rudn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4099-2967ПодопригораИ. В.PodoprigoraI. V.

Подопригора Ирина Викторовна, к. м. н., доцент, зав. кафедрой микробиологии им. В. С. Киктенко медицинского факультета

Москва

Podoprigora Irina V., PhD Med, associate professor, head of Dept of Microbiology

Moscow

podoprigora-iv@rudn.ruФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continious Professional EducationRussian FederationФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»РоссияPeoples' Friendship University of RussiaRussian Federation202201092022016Диетология и нутрициология (1)4450Copyright © Грибакин С.Г., Орлова С.В., Подопригора И.В., 20222022Грибакин С.Г., Орлова С.В., Подопригора И.В.Gribakin S.G., Orlova S.V., Podoprigora I.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2731

Кишечная микробиота (КМ) выполняет в организме человека целый ряд разнообразных функций, включая участие в метаболических процессах, стимуляцию развития иммунной системы, конкурентное взаимодействие с условно патогенной и патогенной флорой, ферментативную активность в дистальных отделах кишечника. Колонизация практически стерильного пищеварительного тракта новорожденного подчинена определенным закономерностям и зависит от вагинальной и фекальной флоры матери, от метода родоразрешения, от воздействия факторов окружающей среды (госпитализации, антибиотикотерапии) и в особенности от вида вскармливания (грудное или искусственное). К тому же существует ряд различий между детьми, родившимися в срок и преждевременно. Особое значение имеет микробиом грудного молока с его сложным микробным составом в сочетании с широким спектром олигосахаридов, состав которых эволюционировал параллельно с составом кишечной микробиоты человека.

Intestinal microbiota (IM) plays in human organism a number of various functions including a participation in metabolic procecces, stimulation of immune function, competition with pathogenic flora, fermentation activity in colon. Microbial colonization of sterile gastrointestinal tract of newborn is based on several natural principles and depends on mode of delivery, vaginal and fecal flora of own mother, external factors (hospitalization, antibiotic therapy), and as well is regulated by breast feeding or bottle feeding. Besides that there is a proven difference between term and preterm newborn babies. Microbial community (so called Microbiome) of human milk with its complicated microbial society plays a key role in IM development, especially in combination with human milk oligosaccharides evolutionary connected with human intestinal microbiota development.

кишечная микробиотабифидобактериилактобациллыкороткоцепочечные жирные кислотыкишечная ферментациямикробиом грудного молокаintestinal microbiotabifidobacterialactobacillishort chain fatty acidsintestinal fermentationhuman milk microbiomeReferencesНиколаева И. В., Царегородцев А. Д., Шайхиева Г. С. Формирование кишечной микробиоты ребенка и факторы, влияющие на этот процесс // Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии 2018;63(3):13–18.Nikolaeva I. V., Tsaregorodzev A. D., Shaykhieva G. S. Development of intestinal microbiota of infant and factors influencing this process. Russian Vestnik of Perinatology and Pediatrics, 2018;63(3):13–18.Беляева И. А., Бомбардирова Е. П., Митиш М. Д., Потехина Т. В., Харитонова Н. А. Онтогенез и дизонтогенез микробиоты кишечника у детей раннего возраста: триггерный механизм нарушений детского здоровья // Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2017;16(1):29–38.Belayeva I. A., Bombardirova E. P., Mitish M. D., Potelhina T. V., Kharitonova N. A. Ontogenesis and disontogenesis of intestinal microbiota in children up to 3 years old: trigger mechanism of childrens, health deviations. Problems of Current Pediatrics, 2017;16(1):29–38.Макарова С. Г., Броева М. И. Влияние различных факторов на ранние этапы формирования кишечной микробиоты // Педиатрическая фармакология. 2016. № 13 (3). С. 270–282.Makarova S. G., Broeva M. I. Influence of various factors on early stages of intestinal microbiota development. Pediatric Pharmacology, 2016. No. 13 (3). 270–282.Якушин А. С., Украинцев С. Е., Денисов М. Ю. Кишечная микробиота: формирование в раннем возрасте, влияние на здоровье, способы коррекции // Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2017. № 16 (6). С. 487–492.Yakushin A. S. Ukraintsev S. E. Denissov M. Yu. Intestinal microbiota: development in infancy, influence of health, methods of correction. Problems of Current Pediatrics, 2017;16(6):487–492.Рыбина Е. В., Кенбаева К. Г., Савичева А. М. Особенности микрофлоры желудочно-кишечного тракта доношенных новорожденных при разных способах родоразрешения // Педиатр. 2014. № V (3). С. 30–32.Rybina E. V., Kenbaeva K. G., Savicheva A. M. Features of gastrointestinal microbiota of term newborns in various delivery methods. Pediatrics. 2014. No. V (3). P. 30–32.Нетребенко О. К., Шумилов П. В., Грибакин С. Г. Грудное молоко как фактор программирования здоровья ребенка: исследование метаболома, микробиома и их взаимосвязи // Вопросы детской диетологии. 2021;19(4):40–45.Netrebenko O. K., Shumilov P. V., Gribakin S. G. Breast milk as a factor of infant, s health programming: study of metabolome, microbiome and its interrelations. Problems of pediatric dietetics, 2021;19(4):40–45.Самоукина А. М., Михайлова Е. С., Чернин В. В., Алексеева Ю. А. Микробиота пищеварительного тракта как системный фактор оценки здоровья человека и проведения превентивной коррекции // Лечение и профилактика. 2015. № 3 (15). С. 23–28.Samoukina A. M., Mikhailova E. S., Chernin V. V., Alekseeva Yu. A. Gastrointestinal tract microbiota as a systemic factor of human health evaluation and preventive correction. Treatment and Prevention, 2015. No. 3 (15). P. 23–28.Беляева И. А., Бомбардирова Е. П., Турти Т. В., Митиш М. Д., Потехина Т. В. Кишечная микробиота у недоношенных детей – современное состояние проблемы // Педиатрическая фармакология. 2015. Т. 12. № 3. С. 296–303.Belayeva I. A., Bombardirova E. P., Turti T. V., Mitish M. D., Potekhina T. V. Intestinal microbiota in premature infants – currant stay of problem. Pediatric Pharmacology, 2015. No. 12 (3). P. 296–303.Matamoros S., Gras-Leguen C., Le Vacon F., Potel G., de La Cochetiere M.-F. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21:167–173.Matamoros S., Gras-Leguen C., Le Vacon F., Potel G., de La Cochetiere M.-F. Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21:167–173.Hobbs A. J., Mannion C. A., McDonald S.W., Brockway M., Tough S. C. The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2016;16(1):1–9.Hobbs A. J., Mannion C. A., McDonald S.W., Brockway M., Tough S. C. The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2016;16(1):1–9.Bäckhed F., Roswall J., Peng Y., Feng Q., Jia,, H., Kovatcheva-Datchary P., Li Y., Xia Y., Xie H., Zhong H. et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:690–703.Bäckhed F., Roswall J., Peng Y., Feng Q., Jia,, H., Kovatcheva-Datchary P., Li Y., Xia Y., Xie H., Zhong H. et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:690–703.Shao Y., Forster S. C., Tsaliki E., Vervier K., Strang A., Simpson N., Lawley T. D. Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth. Nature. 2019;574(7776):117–121.Shao Y., Forster S. C., Tsaliki E., Vervier K., Strang A., Simpson N., Lawley T. D. Stunted microbiota and opportunistic pathogen colonization in caesarean-section birth. Nature. 2019;574(7776):117–121.Ahmadizar F., Vijverberg S. J.H., Arets H. G.M., de Boer A., Lang J. E., Garssen J., Kraneveld A., Maitland-van der Zee A. H. Early-life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta-analysis. Allergy. 2018;73:971–986.Ahmadizar F., Vijverberg S. J.H., Arets H. G.M., de Boer A., Lang J. E., Garssen J., Kraneveld A., Maitland-van der Zee A. H. Early-life antibiotic exposure increases the risk of developing allergic symptoms later in life: A meta-analysis. Allergy. 2018;73:971–986.Turta O., Rautava S. Antibiotics, obesity and the link to microbes-what are we doing to our children? BMC medicine. 2016;14(1):1–6.Turta O., Rautava S. Antibiotics, obesity and the link to microbes-what are we doing to our children? BMC medicine. 2016;14(1):1–6.Houghteling P. D., Walker W. A. Why is initial bacterial colonization of the intestine important to infants’ and children’s health? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2015;60:294–307.Houghteling P. D., Walker W. A. Why is initial bacterial colonization of the intestine important to infants’ and children’s health? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2015;60:294–307.Laforest-Lapointe I., Arrieta M. C. Patterns of early-life gut microbial colonization during human immune development: an ecological perspective. Frontiers in immunology. 2017;8:788.Laforest-Lapointe I., Arrieta M. C. Patterns of early-life gut microbial colonization during human immune development: an ecological perspective. Frontiers in immunology. 2017;8:788.Vangay P., Ward T., Gerber J. S., Knights D. Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:553–564.Vangay P., Ward T., Gerber J. S., Knights D. Antibiotics, pediatric dysbiosis, and disease. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17:553–564.Ventura M., Turroni F., Lugli G. A., van Sinderen D. Bifidobacteria and humans: our special friends, from ecological to genomics perspectives. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014;94:163–168.Ventura M., Turroni F., Lugli G. A., van Sinderen D. Bifidobacteria and humans: our special friends, from ecological to genomics perspectives. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2014;94:163–168.Turroni F., Milani C., Duranti S., Mahony J., van Sinderen D., – Ventura M. Glycan utilization and cross-feeding activities by bifidobacteria. Trends in microbiology. 2018;26(4):339–350.Turroni F., Milani C., Duranti S., Mahony J., van Sinderen D., – Ventura M. Glycan utilization and cross-feeding activities by bifidobacteria. Trends in microbiology. 2018;26(4):339–350.Milani C., Turroni F., Duranti S., Lugli G. A., Mancabelli L., Ferrario C., van Sinderen D., Ventura M. Genomics of the genus bifidobacterium reveals species-specific adaptation to the glycan-rich gut environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015;82:980–991.Milani C., Turroni F., Duranti S., Lugli G. A., Mancabelli L., Ferrario C., van Sinderen D., Ventura M. Genomics of the genus bifidobacterium reveals species-specific adaptation to the glycan-rich gut environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015;82:980–991.Korpela K., Costea P., Coelho L. P., Kandels-Lewis S., Willemsen G., Boomsma D. I., Segata N., Bork P. Selective maternal seeding and environment shape the human gut microbiome. Genome. Res. 2018;28:561–568.Korpela K., Costea P., Coelho L. P., Kandels-Lewis S., Willemsen G., Boomsma D. I., Segata N., Bork P. Selective maternal seeding and environment shape the human gut microbiome. Genome. Res. 2018;28:561–568.Gomez-Gallego C., Garcia-Mantrana I., Salminen S., Collado M. C. The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2016;21(6):400–405.Gomez-Gallego C., Garcia-Mantrana I., Salminen S., Collado M. C. The human milk microbiome and factors influencing its composition and activity. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2016;21(6):400–405.Fernández L., Langa S., Martín V., Maldonado A., Jiménez E., Martín R., Rodríguez J. M. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):1–10.Fernández L., Langa S., Martín V., Maldonado A., Jiménez E., Martín R., Rodríguez J. M. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):1–10.Martín R., Langa S., Reviriego C., Jimínez E., Marín M. L., Xaus J. et al. Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003;143(6):754–8.Martín R., Langa S., Reviriego C., Jimínez E., Marín M. L., Xaus J. et al. Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003;143(6):754–8.Hunt K. M., Foster J. A., Forney L. J., Schütte U. M., Beck D. L., Abdo Z. et al. «Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk». PLOS ONE. 2011;6(6): e21313.Hunt K. M., Foster J. A., Forney L. J., Schütte U. M., Beck D. L., Abdo Z. et al. «Characterization of the diversity and temporal stability of bacterial communities in human milk». PLOS ONE. 2011;6(6): e21313.Fernández L., Langa S., Martín V., Maldonado A., Jiménez E., Martín R., Rodríguez J. M. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):1–10.Fernández L., Langa S., Martín V., Maldonado A., Jiménez E., Martín R., Rodríguez J. M. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. Pharmacological Research. 2013;69(1):1–10.Martín R., Jiménez E., Heilig H., Fernández L., Marín M. L., Zoetendal E. G., Rodríguez J. M. Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009;75(4):965–9.Martín R., Jiménez E., Heilig H., Fernández L., Marín M. L., Zoetendal E. G., Rodríguez J. M. Isolation of bifidobacteria from breast milk and assessment of the bifidobacterial population by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and quantitative real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009;75(4):965–9.Cabrera-Rubio R., Collado M. C., Laitinen K., Salminen S., Isolauri E., Mira A. The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96(3):544–51.Cabrera-Rubio R., Collado M. C., Laitinen K., Salminen S., Isolauri E., Mira A. The human milk microbiome changes over lactation and is shaped by maternal weight and mode of delivery. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96(3):544–51.Maldonado J., Cañabate F., Sempere L., Vela F., Sánchez A. R., Narbona E. et al. Human milk probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants. J. Pediat. Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2012;54(1):55–61.Maldonado J., Cañabate F., Sempere L., Vela F., Sánchez A. R., Narbona E. et al. Human milk probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 reduces the incidence of gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections in infants. J. Pediat. Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2012;54(1):55–61.Jeurink P. V., van Bergenhenegouwen J., Jiménez E., Knippels L. M., Fernández L., Garssen J. et al. Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial Microbes. 2013;4(1):17–30.Jeurink P. V., van Bergenhenegouwen J., Jiménez E., Knippels L. M., Fernández L., Garssen J. et al. Human milk: a source of more life than we imagine. Beneficial Microbes. 2013;4(1):17–30.Munblit D., Peroni D. G., Boix-Amorós A., Hsu P. S., Van’t Land B., Gay M. C. et al. Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):894.Munblit D., Peroni D. G., Boix-Amorós A., Hsu P. S., Van’t Land B., Gay M. C. et al. Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):894.Soto A., Martín V., Jiménez E., Mader I., Rodríguez J. M., Fernández L. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2014;59(1):78–88.Soto A., Martín V., Jiménez E., Mader I., Rodríguez J. M., Fernández L. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in human breast milk: influence of antibiotherapy and other host and clinical factors. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2014;59(1):78–88.Yatsunenko T., Rey F. E., Manary M. J., Trehan I., Dominguez-Bello M.G., Contreras M. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222–7.Yatsunenko T., Rey F. E., Manary M. J., Trehan I., Dominguez-Bello M.G., Contreras M. et al. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography. Nature. 2012;486(7402):222–7.Khodayar-Pardo P., Mira-Pascual L., Collado M. C., Martínez-Costa C. (August 2014). Impact oflactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. Journal of Perinatology. 2014;34(8):599–605.Khodayar-Pardo P., Mira-Pascual L., Collado M. C., Martínez-Costa C. (August 2014). Impact oflactation stage, gestational age and mode of delivery on breast milk microbiota. Journal of Perinatology. 2014;34(8):599–605.Heikkilä M. P., Saris P. E. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003;95(3):471–8.Heikkilä M. P., Saris P. E. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2003;95(3):471–8.Wold A. E., Adlerberth I. Breast feeding and the intestinal microflora of the infant –implications for protection against infectious diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000;478:77–93.Wold A. E., Adlerberth I. Breast feeding and the intestinal microflora of the infant –implications for protection against infectious diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2000;478:77–93.Lara-Villoslada F., Olivares M., Sierra S., Rodríguez J. M., Boza J., Xaus J. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98 Suppl 1: S 96–100.Lara-Villoslada F., Olivares M., Sierra S., Rodríguez J. M., Boza J., Xaus J. Beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria isolated from breast milk. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2007;98 Suppl 1: S 96–100.Zivkovic A. M., German J. B., Lebrilla C. B., Mills D. A. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108 (supplement_1):4653–4658.Zivkovic A. M., German J. B., Lebrilla C. B., Mills D. A. Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108 (supplement_1):4653–4658.Stahl B., Thurl S., Zeng J., Karas M., Hillenkamp, F., Steup M., Sawatzki G. Oligosaccharides from human milk as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 1994;223:218–226.Stahl B., Thurl S., Zeng J., Karas M., Hillenkamp, F., Steup M., Sawatzki G. Oligosaccharides from human milk as revealed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 1994;223:218–226.Ruiz-Moyano S., Totten S. M., Garrido D. A., Smilowitz J. T., German J. B., Lebrilla C. B., Mills D. A. Variation in consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant gut-associated strains of Bifidobacterium breve. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013;79:6040–6049.Ruiz-Moyano S., Totten S. M., Garrido D. A., Smilowitz J. T., German J. B., Lebrilla C. B., Mills D. A. Variation in consumption of human milk oligosaccharides by infant gut-associated strains of Bifidobacterium breve. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013;79:6040–6049.Thomson P., Medina D. A., Garrido D. Human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut bifidobacteria: Molecular strategies for their utilization. Food Microbiol. 2018;75:37–46.Thomson P., Medina D. A., Garrido D. Human milk oligosaccharides and infant gut bifidobacteria: Molecular strategies for their utilization. Food Microbiol. 2018;75:37–46.Sakanaka M., Hansen M. E., Gotoh A., Katoh T., Yoshida K., Odamaki T., Katayama T. Evolutionary adaptation in fucosyllactose uptake systems supports bifidobacteria-infant symbiosis. Science advances. 2019;5(8): eaaw7696.Sakanaka M., Hansen M. E., Gotoh A., Katoh T., Yoshida K., Odamaki T., Katayama T. Evolutionary adaptation in fucosyllactose uptake systems supports bifidobacteria-infant symbiosis. Science advances. 2019;5(8): eaaw7696.Zúñiga M., Monedero V. & Yebra M. J. Utilization of host-derived glycans by intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Frontiers in microbiology. 2018;9:01917.Zúñiga M., Monedero V. & Yebra M. J. Utilization of host-derived glycans by intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Frontiers in microbiology. 2018;9:01917.Milani C., Lugli G. A., Duranti S., Turroni F., Mancabelli L., Ferrario C., Ventura M. Bifidobacteria exhibit social behavior through carbohydrate resource sharing in the gut. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):1–14.Milani C., Lugli G. A., Duranti S., Turroni F., Mancabelli L., Ferrario C., Ventura M. Bifidobacteria exhibit social behavior through carbohydrate resource sharing in the gut. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):1–14.Jost T., Lacroix C, Braegger C., Chassard C. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutr. Rev. 2015;73:426–437.Jost T., Lacroix C, Braegger C., Chassard C. Impact of human milk bacteria and oligosaccharides on neonatal gut microbiota establishment and gut health. Nutr. Rev. 2015;73:426–437.Boehm G., Moro G. Structural and functional aspects of prebiotics used in infant nutrition. J. Nutr. Suppl. 2008;138:1818s-1828s.Boehm G., Moro G. Structural and functional aspects of prebiotics used in infant nutrition. J. Nutr. Suppl. 2008;138:1818s-1828s.Elison E., Vigsnaes L. K., Rindom Krogsgaard L., Rasmussen J., Sørensen N., Mc-Connell B., Hennet T., Sommer M. O.A., Bytzer P. Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2′-O-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose is well tolerated and shifts the intestinal microbiota. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;116:1356–1368.Elison E., Vigsnaes L. K., Rindom Krogsgaard L., Rasmussen J., Sørensen N., Mc-Connell B., Hennet T., Sommer M. O.A., Bytzer P. Oral supplementation of healthy adults with 2′-O-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose is well tolerated and shifts the intestinal microbiota. Br. J. Nutr. 2016;116:1356–1368.Pham V. T., Lacroix C., Braegger C. P., Chassard C. Early colonization of functional groups of microbes in the infant gut. Environ. Microbiol. 2016;18:2246–2258.Pham V. T., Lacroix C., Braegger C. P., Chassard C. Early colonization of functional groups of microbes in the infant gut. Environ. Microbiol. 2016;18:2246–2258.Bridgman S. L., Azad M. B., Field C. J., Haqq A. M., Becker A. B., Mandhane P. J., Subbarao P. Turvey S. E. Sears M. R. Scott J. A. et al. Fecal short-chain fatty acid variations by breastfeeding status in infants at 4 months: Differences in relative versus absolute concentrations. Front. Nutr. 2017;4:11.Bridgman S. L., Azad M. B., Field C. J., Haqq A. M., Becker A. B., Mandhane P. J., Subbarao P. Turvey S. E. Sears M. R. Scott J. A. et al. Fecal short-chain fatty acid variations by breastfeeding status in infants at 4 months: Differences in relative versus absolute concentrations. Front. Nutr. 2017;4:11.Henrick B. M., Hutton A. A., Palumbo M. C., Casabur, G., Mitchell R. D., Underwood M. A., Smilowitz J. T., Frese S. A. Elevated fecal pH indicates a profound change in the breastfed infant gut microbiome due to reduction of Bifidobacterium over the past century. mSphere 2018;3: e00041–00018.Henrick B. M., Hutton A. A., Palumbo M. C., Casabur, G., Mitchell R. D., Underwood M. A., Smilowitz J. T., Frese S. A. Elevated fecal pH indicates a profound change in the breastfed infant gut microbiome due to reduction of Bifidobacterium over the past century. mSphere 2018;3: e00041–00018.Orrhage K., Nord C. E. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in human health. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 2000;26:95–111.Orrhage K., Nord C. E. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in human health. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 2000;26:95–111.Fukuda S., Toh H., Hase K., Oshima K., Nakanishi Y., Yoshimura K., Tobe T., Clarke J. M., Topping D. L., Suzuki T. et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature. 2011;469:543–547.Fukuda S., Toh H., Hase K., Oshima K., Nakanishi Y., Yoshimura K., Tobe T., Clarke J. M., Topping D. L., Suzuki T. et al. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature. 2011;469:543–547.Schwab C. Ruscheweyh H.-J., Bunesova V., Pham V. T., Beerenwinkel N., Lacroix C. Trophic Interactions of infant bifidobacteria and eubacterium hallii during L-Fucose and fucosyllactose degradation. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:95.Schwab C. Ruscheweyh H.-J., Bunesova V., Pham V. T., Beerenwinkel N., Lacroix C. Trophic Interactions of infant bifidobacteria and eubacterium hallii during L-Fucose and fucosyllactose degradation. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:95.Lee H. L., Shen H., Hwang I. Y., Ling H., Yew W. S., Lee Y. S., Chang M. W. Targeted approaches for in situ gut microbiome manipulation. Genes. 2018;9(7):351.Lee H. L., Shen H., Hwang I. Y., Ling H., Yew W. S., Lee Y. S., Chang M. W. Targeted approaches for in situ gut microbiome manipulation. Genes. 2018;9(7):351.Wopereis H., Sim K., Shaw A., Warner J. O., Knol J., Kroll J. S. Intestinal microbiota in infants at high risk for allergy: Effects of prebiotics and role in eczema development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018;141(4):1334–1342.Wopereis H., Sim K., Shaw A., Warner J. O., Knol J., Kroll J. S. Intestinal microbiota in infants at high risk for allergy: Effects of prebiotics and role in eczema development. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2018;141(4):1334–1342.Chawanpaiboon S., Vogel J. P., Moller A.-B., Lumbiganon P., Petzold M., Hogan D., Landoulsi S., Jampathong N., Kongwattanakul K., Laopaiboon, M. et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2019;7: e37–e46.Chawanpaiboon S., Vogel J. P., Moller A.-B., Lumbiganon P., Petzold M., Hogan D., Landoulsi S., Jampathong N., Kongwattanakul K., Laopaiboon, M. et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2019;7: e37–e46.Gibson M. K., Wang B., Ahmadi S., Burnham C.-A.D., Tarr P. I., Warner B. B., Dantas G. Developmental dynamics of the preterm infant gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome. Nat. Microbiol. 2016;1:16024.Gibson M. K., Wang B., Ahmadi S., Burnham C.-A.D., Tarr P. I., Warner B. B., Dantas G. Developmental dynamics of the preterm infant gut microbiota and antibiotic resistome. Nat. Microbiol. 2016;1:16024.Patel A. L., Mutlu E. A., Sun Y., Koenig L., Green S., Jakubowicz A., Mryan J., Engen P., Fogg L., Chen A. L. et al. Longitudinal survey of microbiota in hospitalized preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2016;62:292–303.Patel A. L., Mutlu E. A., Sun Y., Koenig L., Green S., Jakubowicz A., Mryan J., Engen P., Fogg L., Chen A. L. et al. Longitudinal survey of microbiota in hospitalized preterm very-low-birth-weight infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2016;62:292–303.Kurath-Koller S., Neumann C., Moissl-Eichinger C., Kraschl R., Kanduth C., Hopfer B., Pausan M. R., Urlesberger B., Resch B. Hospital regimens including probiotics guide the individual development of the gut microbiome of very low birth weight infants in the first two weeks of life. Nutrients. 2020;12:1256.Kurath-Koller S., Neumann C., Moissl-Eichinger C., Kraschl R., Kanduth C., Hopfer B., Pausan M. R., Urlesberger B., Resch B. Hospital regimens including probiotics guide the individual development of the gut microbiome of very low birth weight infants in the first two weeks of life. Nutrients. 2020;12:1256.Zwittink R. D., Renes I. B., van Lingen R. A., van Zoeren-Grobben D., Konstanti P., Norbruis O. F., Martin R., Groot Jebbink L. J.M., Knol J., Belzer C. Association between duration of intravenous antibiotic administration and early-life microbiota development in late-preterm infants. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018;37:475–483Zwittink R. D., Renes I. B., van Lingen R. A., van Zoeren-Grobben D., Konstanti P., Norbruis O. F., Martin R., Groot Jebbink L. J.M., Knol J., Belzer C. Association between duration of intravenous antibiotic administration and early-life microbiota development in late-preterm infants. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018;37:475–483Patole S. K., Rao S. C., Keil A. D., Nathan E. A., Doherty D. A., Simmer K. N. Benefits of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Supplementation in Preterm Neonates – A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0150775.Patole S. K., Rao S. C., Keil A. D., Nathan E. A., Doherty D. A., Simmer K. N. Benefits of Bifidobacterium breve M-16V Supplementation in Preterm Neonates – A Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0150775.Costeloe K., Hardy P., Juszczak E., Wilks M., Millar M. R., Probiotics in Preterm Infants Study Collaborative, G. Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in very preterm infants: A randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:649–660.Costeloe K., Hardy P., Juszczak E., Wilks M., Millar M. R., Probiotics in Preterm Infants Study Collaborative, G. Bifidobacterium breve BBG-001 in very preterm infants: A randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387:649–660.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.