medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2022-10-7-11medalphabet-2645Research ArticleСтатьиНеврологические аспекты тревожных расстройствNeurological aspects of anxiety disordershttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1065-9859ЧуткоЛ. С.ChutkoL. S.

Чутко Леонид Семенович, д.м.н., проф., зав. лабораторией коррекции психического развития и адаптации, рук. центра поведенческой неврологии

Санкт-Петербург

Chutko Leonid S., DM Sci (habil.), professor, head of Laboratory for Correction of Mental Development and Adaptation, head of Centre for Behavioral Neurology

Saint Petersburg

chutko5@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7249-3332ЯковенкоЕ. А.YakovenkoE. A.

Яковенко Елена Александровна, к.б.н., н.с.

Санкт-Петербург

Yakovenko E.A., PhD Bio, researcher

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9510-7182СурушкинаС. Ю.SurushkinaS. Yu.

Сурушкина Светлана Юрьевна, к.м.н., н.с., врач-невролог

Санкт-Петербург

Surushkina S. Yu., PhD Med, researcher, neurologist

Saint Petersburg

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5015-5073ЧередниченкоД. В.CherednichenkoD. V.

Чередниченко Денис Владимирович, к.м.н., первый зам. директора

Санкт-Петербург

Cherednichenko D.V., PhD Med, first deputy director

Saint Petersburg

ФГБУН «Институт мозга человека имени Н. П. Бехтеревой» РАНРоссияInstitute of Human Brain n.a. N. P. BekhterevaRussian Federation202208062022010Неврология и психиатрия (2)711Copyright © Чутко Л.С., Яковенко Е.А., Сурушкина С.Ю., Чередниченко Д.В., 20222022Чутко Л.С., Яковенко Е.А., Сурушкина С.Ю., Чередниченко Д.В.Chutko L.S., Yakovenko E.A., Surushkina S.Y., Cherednichenko D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2645

В статье представлен обзор научных публикаций, посвященных изучению проблемы тревожных расстройств. Авторами изложены различные взгляды на нейробиологические механизмы патогенеза этих расстройств, рассмотрены основные соматические, неврологические и когнитивные нарушения, характерные для тревожных расстройств. Также рассмотрены современные подходы к фармакологической терапии тревожных расстройств и основные методики психотерапевтической коррекции, применяющиеся в их лечении.

The article presents an overview of scientific publications devoted to the study of the problem of anxiety disorders. The authors present various views on the neurobiological mechanisms of the pathogenesis of these disorders, consider the main somatic, neurological and cognitive disorders characteristic of anxiety disorders. Also considered are modern approaches to the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders and the main methods of psychotherapeutic correction used in their treatment.

тревожное расстройствоanxiety disordersReferencesBandelow B., Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015; 17 (3) P. 327–335. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow.Bandelow B., Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015; 17 (3) P. 327–335. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow.Shah S.M.A, Mohammad D., Qureshi M.F.H, Abbas M.Z., Aleem S. Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Community Ment Health J. 2021; 57 (1) P. 101–110. DOI: 10.1007/s10597–020–00728-y.Shah S.M.A, Mohammad D., Qureshi M.F.H, Abbas M.Z., Aleem S. Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Community Ment Health J. 2021; 57 (1) P. 101–110. DOI: 10.1007/s10597–020–00728-y.Santabárbara J., Lasheras I., Lipnicki D.M., Bueno-Notivol J., Pérez-Moreno M., López-Antón R., De la Cámara C., Lobo A., Gracia-García P. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021; 109 P. 110207. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207.Santabárbara J., Lasheras I., Lipnicki D.M., Bueno-Notivol J., Pérez-Moreno M., López-Antón R., De la Cámara C., Lobo A., Gracia-García P. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021; 109 P. 110207. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207.Шамрей В.К. Патоморфоз невротических расстройств у военнослужащих. Военномедицинский журнал. 2010; 331 (1). С. 29–34.Shamrey V.K. Pathomorphosis of neurotic disorders in military personnel. Military Medical Journal. 2010; 331 (1). P. 29–34.Васильева А.В. Затяжные формы невротических расстройств – актуальное состояние проблемы. Вестник неврологии, психиатрии и нейрохирургии. 2011; 8. С. 35–41.Vasilyeva A.V. Protracted forms of neurotic disorders – the current state of the problem. Bulletin of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery. 2011; 8. P. 35–41.Мэй Р. Смысл тревоги. М.: Класс; 2001.May R. The meaning of anxiety. M.: Class; 2001.Либ Р., Витхен Г. У. Тревожные расстройства. Клиническая психология. Под. ред. М. Перре и У. Бауманна. СПб.: Питер; 2003.Lieb R., Witchen G.U. Anxiety disorders. Clinical Psychology. Under ed. M. Perret and W. Baumann. SPb.: Peter; 2003.Кьеркегор С. Страх и трепет. М.: Культурная Революция; 2010.Kierkegaard S. Fear and Trembling. Moscow: Cultural Revolution; 2010.Daviu N., Bruchas M. R., Moghaddam B., Sandi C., Beyeler A. Neurobiological links between stress and anxiety. Neurobiol Stress. 2019; 11. P. 100191. DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100191.Daviu N., Bruchas M. R., Moghaddam B., Sandi C., Beyeler A. Neurobiological links between stress and anxiety. Neurobiol Stress. 2019; 11. P. 100191. DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100191.Etkin A., Prater K. E., Schatzberg A. F., Menon V., Greicius M. D. Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 66 (12) P. 1361–1372. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104.Etkin A., Prater K. E., Schatzberg A. F., Menon V., Greicius M. D. Disrupted amygdalar subregion functional connectivity and evidence of a compensatory network in generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009; 66 (12) P. 1361–1372. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.104.Makovac E., Meeten F., Watson D.R., Herman A., Garfinkel S.N., D Critchley H., Ottaviani C. Alterations in Amygdala-Prefrontal Functional Connectivity Account for Excessive Worry and Autonomic Dysregulation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 80 (10) P. 786–795. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.013.Makovac E., Meeten F., Watson D.R., Herman A., Garfinkel S.N., D Critchley H., Ottaviani C. Alterations in Amygdala-Prefrontal Functional Connectivity Account for Excessive Worry and Autonomic Dysregulation in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2016; 80 (10) P. 786–795. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.013.Maron E., Nutt D. Biological markers of generalized anxiety disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017; 19 (2) P. 147–158. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/dnutt.Maron E., Nutt D. Biological markers of generalized anxiety disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017; 19 (2) P. 147–158. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/dnutt.Etkin A., Schatzberg A.F. Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2011; 168 (9) P. 968–978. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290.Etkin A., Schatzberg A.F. Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2011; 168 (9) P. 968–978. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290.Beyeler A., Chang C.J., Silvestre M., Lévêque C., Namburi P., Wildes C.P., Tye K.M. Organization of Valence-Encoding and Projection-Defined Neurons in the Basolateral Amygdala. Cell Rep. 2018; 22 (4) P. 905–918. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.097.Beyeler A., Chang C.J., Silvestre M., Lévêque C., Namburi P., Wildes C.P., Tye K.M. Organization of Valence-Encoding and Projection-Defined Neurons in the Basolateral Amygdala. Cell Rep. 2018; 22 (4) P. 905–918. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.097.Li J., Xia Y., Cheng X., Li S. Fear of Uncertainty Makes You More Anxious? Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty on College Students' Social Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol. 2020; 11. P. 565107. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565107.Li J., Xia Y., Cheng X., Li S. Fear of Uncertainty Makes You More Anxious? Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty on College Students' Social Anxiety: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol. 2020; 11. P. 565107. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565107.Delvecchio G., Stanley J.A., Altamura A.C., Brambilla P. Metabolic alterations in generalised anxiety disorder: a review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017; 26 P. 587–595.Delvecchio G., Stanley J.A., Altamura A.C., Brambilla P. Metabolic alterations in generalised anxiety disorder: a review of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2017; 26 P. 587–595.Madonna D., Delvecchio G., Soares J.C., Brambilla P. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies in generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019; 41 (4) P. 336–362. DOI: 10.1590/1516–4446–2018–0108.Madonna D., Delvecchio G., Soares J.C., Brambilla P. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies in generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review. Braz J Psychiatry. 2019; 41 (4) P. 336–362. DOI: 10.1590/1516–4446–2018–0108.McNaughton N., Gray J.A. Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2000; 61 (3) P. 161–176. DOI: 10.1016/s0165–0327(00)00344-x.McNaughton N., Gray J.A. Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. J Affect Disord. 2000; 61 (3) P. 161–176. DOI: 10.1016/s0165–0327(00)00344-x.Старостина Е.Г. Тревога и тревожные расстройства в практике кардиолога. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2006; 5 (3). С. 111–120.Starostina E.G. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in the practice of a cardiologist. Cardiovascular therapy and prevention. 2006; 5 (3). P. 111–120.Кочюнас Р. Основы психологического консультирования. М.: Академический проект; 1999.Kociunas R. Fundamentals of psychological counseling. M.: Academic Project; 1999.Вознесенская Т.Г. Генерализованное тревожное расстройство: дифференциальный диагноз и лечение. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2013; 2. С. 18–22.Voznesenskaya T.G. Generalized anxiety disorder: Differential diagnosis and treatment. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2013; 2. P. 18–22.Wittchen H. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depress Anxiety. 2002; 16 (4) P. 162–171. DOI: 10.1002/da.10065.Wittchen H. Generalized anxiety disorder: prevalence, burden, and cost to society. Depress Anxiety. 2002; 16 (4) P. 162–171. DOI: 10.1002/da.10065.Чутко Л.С., Сурушкина С.Ю., Яковенко Е.А., Никишена И.С., Анисимова Т.И., Бондарчук Ю.Л. Когнитивные и эмоциональные нарушения у пациентов затяжными тревожно-фобическими расстройствами. Терапевтический архив. 2014; 12. С. 61–65.Chutko L.S., Surushkina S. Yu., Yakovenko E.A., Nikishena I.S., Anisimova T.I., Bondarchuk Yu.L. Cognitive and emotional disorders in patients with chronic phobic anxiety disorders. Therapeutic Archive. 2014; 12. P. 61–65.Чутко Л.С. Тревожные расстройства в общеврачебной практике. ЭЛБИ-СПБ; 2010. Chutko L.S. Anxiety disorders in general medical practice. ELBI-SPB; 2010.Chutko L.S. Anxiety disorders in general medical practice. ELBI-SPB; 2010.Merikangas K.R., Angst J., Isler H. Migraine and psychopathology. Results of the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47 (9) P. 849–853. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210057008.Merikangas K.R., Angst J., Isler H. Migraine and psychopathology. Results of the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990; 47 (9) P. 849–853. DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810210057008.Senaratne R., Van Ameringen M., Mancini C., Patterson B., Bennett M. The prevalence of migraine headaches in an anxiety disorders clinic sample. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010; 16 (2) P. 76–82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755–5949.2009.00103.x.Senaratne R., Van Ameringen M., Mancini C., Patterson B., Bennett M. The prevalence of migraine headaches in an anxiety disorders clinic sample. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010; 16 (2) P. 76–82. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755–5949.2009.00103.x.Mercante J.P., Peres M.F., Bernik M.A. Primary headaches in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Headache Pain. 2011; 12 (3) P. 331–338. DOI: 10.1007/s10194–010–0290–4.Mercante J.P., Peres M.F., Bernik M.A. Primary headaches in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Headache Pain. 2011; 12 (3) P. 331–338. DOI: 10.1007/s10194–010–0290–4.Чутко Л.С., Сурушкина С.Ю., Яковенко Е.А., Анисимова Т.И., Сергеев А.В. Эмоциональные нарушения и их коррекция у пациентов с мигренью. Терапевтический архив. 2017; 89 (4). С. 75–79. DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201789475–79.Chutko L.S., Surushkina S. Yu., Yakovenko E.A., Anisimova T.I., Sergeev A.V. Emotional disorders and their correction in patients with migraine. Therapeutic Archive. 2017; 89 (4). P. 75–79.Beghi E., Bussone G., D'Amico D., Cortelli P., Cevoli S., Manzoni G.C., Torelli P., Tonini M.C., Allais G., De Simone R., D'Onofrio F., Genco S., Moschiano F., Beghi M., Salvi S. Headache, anxiety and depressive disorders: the HADAS study. J Headache Pain. 2010; 11 (2) P. 141–150. DOI: 10.1007/s10194–010–0187–2.Beghi E., Bussone G., D'Amico D., Cortelli P., Cevoli S., Manzoni G.C., Torelli P., Tonini M.C., Allais G., De Simone R., D'Onofrio F., Genco S., Moschiano F., Beghi M., Salvi S. Headache, anxiety and depressive disorders: the HADAS study. J Headache Pain. 2010; 11 (2) P. 141–150. DOI: 10.1007/s10194–010–0187–2.Song T.J., Cho S.J., Kim W.J., Yang K.I., Yun C.H., Chu M.K. Anxiety and Depression in Tension-Type Headache: A Population-Based Study. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (10) P. e0165316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165316.Song T.J., Cho S.J., Kim W.J., Yang K.I., Yun C.H., Chu M.K. Anxiety and Depression in Tension-Type Headache: A Population-Based Study. PLoS One. 2016; 11 (10) P. e0165316. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165316.Taylor D.J., Mallory L.J., Lichstein K.L., Durrence H.H., Riedel B.W., Bush A.J. Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep. 2007; 30 (2) P. 213–218. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.2.213.Taylor D.J., Mallory L.J., Lichstein K.L., Durrence H.H., Riedel B.W., Bush A.J. Comorbidity of chronic insomnia with medical problems. Sleep. 2007; 30 (2) P. 213–218. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.2.213.Brenes G.A., Miller M.E., Stanley M.A., Williamson J.D., Knudson M., McCall W.V. Insomnia in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009; 17 (6) P. 465–472. DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181987747.Brenes G.A., Miller M.E., Stanley M.A., Williamson J.D., Knudson M., McCall W.V. Insomnia in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009; 17 (6) P. 465–472. DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181987747.Полуэктов М.Г., Пчелина П.В. Расстройства сна и тревога. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2017; 35. С. 4–13.Poluektov M.G., Pchelina P.V. Sleep disorders and anxiety. Effective Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 35. P. 4–13.Волель Б.А., Петелин Д.С., Ахапкин Р.В., Малютина А.А. Когнитивные нарушения при тревожных расстройствах. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2018; 10 (1). С. 78–82.Volel B.A., Petelin D.S., Akhapkin R.V., Malyutina A.A. Cognitive impairment in anxiety disorders. Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2018; 10 (1). P. 78–82.Amira N., Bomyea J. Working memory capacity in Generalized Social Phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011; 120 (2) P. 504–509. DOI: 10.1037/a0022849.Amira N., Bomyea J. Working memory capacity in Generalized Social Phobia. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011; 120 (2) P. 504–509. DOI: 10.1037/a0022849.Царенко Д.М., Бобров А.Е. Когнитивные нарушения при органических и тревожнодепрессивных расстройствах у больных первичной медицинской помощи. Псих. расстройства в общей медицине. 2012; 1. С. 15–20.Tsarenko D.M., Bobrov A.E. Cognitive impairment in organic and anxiety-depressive disorders in primary care patients. Crazy. Disorders in General Medicine. 2012; 1. P. 15–20.Cisler J. M., Koster E. H. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010; 30 (2) P. 203–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003.Cisler J. M., Koster E. H. Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010; 30 (2) P. 203–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003.Ren L., Yang Z., Wang Y., Cui L.B., Jin Y., Ma Z., Zhang Q., Wu Z., Wang H.N., Yang Q. The relations among worry, meta-worry, intolerance of uncertainty and attentional bias for threat in men at high risk for generalized anxiety disorder: A network analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20 (1) P. 452. DOI: 10.1186/s12888–020–02849-w.Ren L., Yang Z., Wang Y., Cui L.B., Jin Y., Ma Z., Zhang Q., Wu Z., Wang H.N., Yang Q. The relations among worry, meta-worry, intolerance of uncertainty and attentional bias for threat in men at high risk for generalized anxiety disorder: A network analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2020; 20 (1) P. 452. DOI: 10.1186/s12888–020–02849-w.Чутко Л.С., Сурушкина С.Ю., Яковенко Е.А., Никишена И.С., Анисимова Т.И., Бондарчук Ю.Л. Когнитивные нарушения у пациентов с генерализованным тревожным расстройством. Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия им. П.Б. Ганнушкина. 2013; 3.Chutko L.S., Surushkina S. Yu., Yakovenko E.A., Nikishena I.S., Anisimova T.I., Bondarchuk Yu.L. Cognitive impairment in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry and Psychopharmacotherapy n.a. P.B. Gannushkin. 2013; 3.Плужников И.В. Эмоциональный интеллект при аффективных расстройствах. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата психологических наук. Москва; 2010.Pluzhnikov I.V. Emotional intelligence in affective disorders. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of psychological sciences. Moscow; 2010.Mayer J.D., Salovey P., Caruso D.R., Sitarenios G. Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion. 2001; 1 P. 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528–3542.1.3.232Mayer J.D., Salovey P., Caruso D.R., Sitarenios G. Emotional intelligence as a standard intelligence. Emotion. 2001; 1 P. 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528–3542.1.3.232Jacobs M., Snow J., Geraci M., Vythilingam M., Blair R. J., Charney D. S., Pine D. S., Blair K.S. Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2008; 22 (8) P. 1487–1495 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.003.Jacobs M., Snow J., Geraci M., Vythilingam M., Blair R. J., Charney D. S., Pine D. S., Blair K.S. Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2008; 22 (8) P. 1487–1495 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.003.Гордеев С.А., Ковров Г.В., Посохов С.И., Катенко С.В., Дьяконова Н.А. Электроэнцефалографические корреляты психовегетативного синдрома при неврастении и генерализованном тревожном расстройстве. Междунар. неврол. журн. 2013; 2.Gordeev S.A., Kovrov G.V., Posokhov S.I., Katenko S.V., Dyakonova N.A. Electroencephalographic correlates of psychovegetative syndrome in neurasthenia and generalized anxiety disorder. International Neurol. J. 2013; 2.Кичук И.В., Петрова Е.А., Митрофанов А.А., Соловьева Н.В., Вильянов В.Б. Изменения показателей электроэнцефалограммы и концентрации серотонина при депрессивных и тревожных расстройствах. Неврология, нейропсихиатрия, психосоматика. 2016; 8 (3). С. 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074–2711–2016–3–34–38Kichuk I.V., Petrova E.A., Mitrofanov A.A., Solovieva N.V., Vilyanov V.B. Changes in electroencephalogram parameters and serotonin concentration in depressive and anxiety disorders. Neurology, neuropsychiatry, psychosomatics. 2016; 8 (3). P. 34–38.Астащенко А.П., Давыдова Е.В., Богданова В.А., Дорохов Е.В. Участие фронтальных отделов мозга при смещении внимания к эмоциональным выражениям лица человека. Вестник психофизиологии. 2018; 1. С. 31–37.Astashchenko A.P., Davydova E.V., Bogdanova V.A., Dorokhov E.V. Participation of the frontal parts of the brain in shifting attention to the emotional expressions of a person's face. Bulletin of psychophysiology. 2018; 1. P. 31–37.Эллис A., Драйдена У. Практика рационально-эмоциональной поведенческой терапии. Речь; 2002.Ellis A., Dryden W. The practice of rational-emotional behavioral therapy. Speech; 2002.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.