<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2022-6-40-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-2563</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Диагностическое значение выявления аутоантител и современные автоматизированные методы их исследования</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Diagnostic value of autoantibodies and novel automated methods of their detection</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1479-6551</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткаченко</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkachenko</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ткаченко Ольга Юрьевна, к.м.н., врач клинической лабораторной диагностики клинико-диагностической лаборатории НМЦ по молекулярной медицине.</p><p>SPIN: 6593–8770</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tkachenko Olga Yu., PhD Med, senior researcher of clinical diagnostic laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tkachenie@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-3699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лапин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лапин Сергей Владимирович, к.м.н., зав. лабораторией диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний, НМЦ по молекулярной медицине.</p><p>SPIN: 9852–7501</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lapin Sergey V., PhD Med, head of the Laboratory for Diagnosis of Autoimmune</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">svlapin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3055-6507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазинг</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Masing</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мазинг Александра Васильевна, к.м.н., в.н.с. лаборатории молекулярной диагностики, НМЦ по молекулярной медицине</p><p>еLibrary SPIN: 4458–4633</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Masing Alexandra V, PhD Med, leading research scientist, Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Medicine</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex_mazing@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4896-3319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Блинова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Blinova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Блинова Татьяна Владимировна, к.м.н., с.н.с. лаборатории диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний, НМЦ помолекулярной медицине</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Blinova Tatyana V., PhD Med, senior research scientist, Laboratory for Diagnostics of Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Molecular Medicine.</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tvblinova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4604-0660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошникова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshnikova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мошникова Анна Николаевна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики, клинико-диагностическая лаборатория, НМЦ по молекулярной медицине</p><p>SPIN: 7252–3525</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moshnikova Anna N., MD, clinical diagnostic laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moshnikova-anna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-354X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кузнецова Дарья Александровна, к.м.н., врач клинической лабораторной диагностики, клинико-диагностическая лаборатория, НМЦ по молекулярной медицине</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kuznetsova Daria A., PhD Med, clinical diagnostic laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicine</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lariwar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9520-453X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холопова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholopova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Холопова Ирина Валерьевна, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики, клинико-диагностическая лаборатория, НМЦ по Молекулярной Медицине</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kholopova Irina V., MD, clinical diagnostic laboratory, Center for Molecular Medicin</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinakholopova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>First St. Petersburg State Medical University n. a. academician I.P. Pavlov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title>Современная лаборатория (1)</issue-title><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ткаченко О.Ю., Лапин С.В., Мазинг А.В., Блинова Т.В., Мошникова А.Н., Кузнецова Д.А., Холопова И.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ткаченко О.Ю., Лапин С.В., Мазинг А.В., Блинова Т.В., Мошникова А.Н., Кузнецова Д.А., Холопова И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tkachenko O.Y., Lapin S.V., Masing A.V., Blinova T.V., Moshnikova A.N., Kuznetsova D.A., Kholopova I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2563">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2563</self-uri><abstract><p>Аутоантитела (ААТ) представляют собой иммуноглобулины человека, способные специфически связываться с антигенными эпитопами молекул собственного организма. Многие ААТ имеют диагностическое значение и являются серологическими маркерами, а также отражают основные механизмы потери толерантности и воспаления у пациентов с аутоиммунными заболеваниями. Метод непрямой иммунофлюоресценции (НРИФ) был первым методом, применяемым для обнаружения ААТ. В течение 1970-х и 1980-х годов произошла эволюция в качественных методах с введением иммуноблоттинга или дот-блоттинга, а также были введены количественные иммунометрические анализы (IMA) второго поколения (радиоиммуноанализ, иммуноферментный анализ, флюроиммунологический анализ, иммунохемилюминесцентный анализ). Растущий спрос на исследование ААТ в целом способствовал развитию автоматизированного и мультиплексного тестирования. Примером является мультипараметрическая автоматическая станция Chorus trio (Cormay Group, Швейцария), объединяющая ИФА метод и реакцию связывания комплемента (РСК) на одной платформе. К преимуществам данного прибора относятся широкая панель востребованных тестов, минимальные трудозатраты сотрудников лаборатории, возможность использования анализатора для выполнения анализов врежиме «cito», выполнение РСК-тестов вавтоматическом режиме, высокая точность и воспроизводимость результатов, компактный дизайн анализатора. Мультипараметрическая автоматическая станция Chorus trio была внедрена в рутинную практику нашей лаборатории для диагностики аутоиммунных заболеваний в качестве подтверждающего тестирования. Таким образом, эффективность новых технологий, возможности автоматизации и повышение скорости и качества тестирования, а также обширная информация, предоставляемая с помощью инновационных мультипараметрических систем, принесет значительные преимущества для врачей клинической лабораторной диагностики и врачей-клиницистов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Autoantibodies (aAb) are human immunoglobulins that can specifically bind to antigenic epitopes of molecules of their own body. Most of AATs have diagnostic value and are serological markers, as well as reflect the main mechanisms of loss of tolerance and inflammation in patients with autoimmune diseases. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) was the first method used to detect aAb. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was an evolution in qualitative methods with the introduction of immunoblotting or dot blotting, and second generation quantitative immunometric assays (radioimmunoassay,, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fluoroimmunoassay, immunochemiluminescence assay) were suggested. The growing number of aAbs, as well as the growing request for aAb research in general, has fueled the development of automated and multiplex testing. An example is the Chorus trio multi-parameter automatic station (Italy), which combines the ELISA method and the complement fixation reaction (CFR) on one platform. The advantages of this device include a large panel of tests, minimal labor costs, the ability to use the analyzer to perform analyzes in the “cito” mode, perform CFR tests in an automatic mode, high accuracy and reproducibility of results, and a compact design of the analyzer. The Chorus trio multi-parameter automatic station has been implemented into the routine practice of our laboratory for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases as a confirmatory test. Thus, the effectiveness of new technologies, the possibility of automation and an increase in the speed and quality of testing, as well as the extensive information provided by innovative multi-parameter systems, will bring significant benefits for clinical laboratory diagnostics and clinicians.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аутоантитела</kwd><kwd>иммуноферментный анализ</kwd><kwd>автоматизированные методы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</kwd><kwd>automated methods</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elkon K., Casali P. Nature and functions of autoantibodies. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 2008; (4): 491–498. https://doi:10.1038/ncprheum0895.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkon K., Casali P. Nature and functions of autoantibodies. Nat. Clin. Pract. Rheumatol. 2008; (4): 491–498. https://doi:10.1038/ncprheum0895.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ludwig R. J., Vanhoorelbeke K., Leypoldt F., Kaya Z., Bieber K., McLachlan S.M., Komorowski L., Luo J., CabralMarques O., Hammers C.M., Lindstrom J.M., Lamprecht P., Fischer A., Riemekasten G., Tersteeg C., Sondermann P., Rapopor B. t, Wandinger K.-P., Probst C., Beidaq A. El, Schmidt E., Verkman A., Manz R.A., Nimmerjahn F. Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology, Front. Immunol. 2017; (8). doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00603.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ludwig R. J., Vanhoorelbeke K., Leypoldt F., Kaya Z., Bieber K., McLachlan S.M., Komorowski L., Luo J., CabralMarques O., Hammers C.M., Lindstrom J.M., Lamprecht P., Fischer A., Riemekasten G., Tersteeg C., Sondermann P., Rapopor B. t, Wandinger K.-P., Probst C., Beidaq A. El, Schmidt E., Verkman A., Manz R.A., Nimmerjahn F. Mechanisms of Autoantibody-Induced Pathology, Front. Immunol. 2017; (8). doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00603.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pashnina I.A., Krivolapova I.M., Fedotkina T. V., Ryabkova V.A., Chereshneva M. V., Churilov L.P., Chereshnev V. A. Antinuclear Autoantibodies in Health: Autoimmunity Is Not a Synonym of Autoimmune Disease, Antibodies. 2021; (10):9. doi:10.3390/antib10010009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pashnina I.A., Krivolapova I.M., Fedotkina T. V., Ryabkova V.A., Chereshneva M. V., Churilov L.P., Chereshnev V. A. Antinuclear Autoantibodies in Health: Autoimmunity Is Not a Synonym of Autoimmune Disease, Antibodies. 2021; (10):9. doi:10.3390/antib10010009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pengo V., Banzato A., Denas G., Jose S.P., Bison E., Hoxha A., Ruffatti A. Correct laboratory approach to APS diagnosis and monitoring, Autoimmun. Rev. 2013; (12): 832–834. doi:10.1016/j. autrev.2012.11.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pengo V., Banzato A., Denas G., Jose S.P., Bison E., Hoxha A., Ruffatti A. Correct laboratory approach to APS diagnosis and monitoring, Autoimmun. Rev. 2013; (12): 832–834. doi:10.1016/j. autrev.2012.11.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hang L., Nakamura R.M., Tubbs R. Current Concepts and Advances in Clinical Laboratory Testing for Autoimmune Diseases, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1997; (34):275–311. https://doi:10.3109/10408369708998095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hang L., Nakamura R.M., Tubbs R. Current Concepts and Advances in Clinical Laboratory Testing for Autoimmune Diseases, Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 1997; (34):275–311. https://doi:10.3109/10408369708998095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bizzaro N., Tozzoli R., Shoenfeld Y. Are we at a stage to predict autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheum. 2007; (56): 1736–1744. https://doi:10.1002/ art.22708.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bizzaro N., Tozzoli R., Shoenfeld Y. Are we at a stage to predict autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Arthritis Rheum. 2007; (56): 1736–1744. https://doi:10.1002/ art.22708.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritzler M. J. Challenges to the use of autoantibodies as predictors of disease onset, diagnosis and outcomes, Autoimmun. Rev. 2008; (7):616–620. https://doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.06.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritzler M. J. Challenges to the use of autoantibodies as predictors of disease onset, diagnosis and outcomes, Autoimmun. Rev. 2008; (7):616–620. https://doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.06.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shero J., Bordwell B., Rothfield N., Earnshaw W. High titers of autoantibodies to topoisomerase I (Scl 70) in sera from scleroderma patients, Science. 1986; (231): 737–740. https://doi:10.1126/science.3003910.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shero J., Bordwell B., Rothfield N., Earnshaw W. High titers of autoantibodies to topoisomerase I (Scl 70) in sera from scleroderma patients, Science. 1986; (231): 737–740. https://doi:10.1126/science.3003910.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agmon-Levin N., Damoiseaux J., Kallenberg C., Sack U., Witte T., Herold M., Bossuyt X., Musset L., Cervera R., Plaza-Lopez A., Dias C., Sousa M. J., Radice A., Eriksson C., Hultgren O., Viander M., Khamashta M., Regenass S., Andrade L.E.C., Wiik A., Tincani A., Rönnelid J., Bloch D.B., Fritzler M. J., Chan E.K.L., Garcia-De La Torre I., Konstantinov K.N., Lahita R., Wilson M., Vainio O., Fabien N., Sinico R.A., Meroni P., Shoenfeld Y. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies, Ann. Rheum. Dis.2014;(1):17–23. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis 2013–203863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agmon-Levin N., Damoiseaux J., Kallenberg C., Sack U., Witte T., Herold M., Bossuyt X., Musset L., Cervera R., Plaza-Lopez A., Dias C., Sousa M. J., Radice A., Eriksson C., Hultgren O., Viander M., Khamashta M., Regenass S., Andrade L.E.C., Wiik A., Tincani A., Rönnelid J., Bloch D.B., Fritzler M. J., Chan E.K.L., Garcia-De La Torre I., Konstantinov K.N., Lahita R., Wilson M., Vainio O., Fabien N., Sinico R.A., Meroni P., Shoenfeld Y. International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies, Ann. Rheum. Dis.2014;(1):17–23. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis 2013–203863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D.H. Solomon, A. J. Kavanaugh, P.H. Schur, Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: Antinuclear antibody testing, Arthritis Rheum. 47 (2002) 434–444. doi:10.1002/art.10561.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D.H. Solomon, A. J. Kavanaugh, P.H. Schur, Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: Antinuclear antibody testing, Arthritis Rheum. 47 (2002) 434–444. doi:10.1002/art.10561.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savige J.A., Paspaliaris B., Silvestrini R., Davies D., Nikoloutsopoulos T., Sturgess A., Neil J., Pollock W., Dunster K., Hendle M. A review of immunofluorescent patterns associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and their differentiation from other antibodies., J. Clin. Pathol. 1998; (51):568–575. https://doi:10.1136/jcp.51.8.568.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savige J.A., Paspaliaris B., Silvestrini R., Davies D., Nikoloutsopoulos T., Sturgess A., Neil J., Pollock W., Dunster K., Hendle M. A review of immunofluorescent patterns associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) and their differentiation from other antibodies., J. Clin. Pathol. 1998; (51):568–575. https://doi:10.1136/jcp.51.8.568.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitsuyama K. Antibody markers in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, World J. Gastroenterol. 2016; (22): 1304. https://doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1304.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitsuyama K. Antibody markers in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, World J. Gastroenterol. 2016; (22): 1304. https://doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1304.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Favaloro E. J., Wong R. C.W. Antiphospholipid antibody testing for the antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive practical review including a synopsis of challenges and recent guidelines., Pathology. 2014; (46): 481–95. https://doi:10.1097/PAT.0000000000000142.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Favaloro E. J., Wong R. C.W. Antiphospholipid antibody testing for the antiphospholipid syndrome: a comprehensive practical review including a synopsis of challenges and recent guidelines., Pathology. 2014; (46): 481–95. https://doi:10.1097/PAT.0000000000000142.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyakis S., Lockshin M. D., Atsumi T., Branch D.W., Brey R. L., Cervera R., Derksen R. H.W.M., De Groot P. G., Koike T., Meroni P. L., Reber G., Shoenfeld Y., Tincani A., Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Krilis S. A. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), J. Thromb. Haemost. 2006; (4): 295–306. https://doi:10.1111/ j.1538–7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyakis S., Lockshin M. D., Atsumi T., Branch D.W., Brey R. L., Cervera R., Derksen R. H.W.M., De Groot P. G., Koike T., Meroni P. L., Reber G., Shoenfeld Y., Tincani A., Vlachoyiannopoulos P. G., Krilis S. A. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), J. Thromb. Haemost. 2006; (4): 295–306. https://doi:10.1111/ j.1538–7836.2006.01753.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muratori L., Granito A., Muratori P., Pappas G., Bianchi F.B., Antimitochondrial Antibodies and Other Antibodies in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Diagnostic and Prognostic Value, Clin. Liver Dis. 2008; (12): 261–276. https://doi:10.1016/j. cld.2008.02.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muratori L., Granito A., Muratori P., Pappas G., Bianchi F.B., Antimitochondrial Antibodies and Other Antibodies in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Diagnostic and Prognostic Value, Clin. Liver Dis. 2008; (12): 261–276. https://doi:10.1016/j. cld.2008.02.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ragusa F., Fallahi P., Elia G., Gonnella D., Paparo S.R., Giusti C., Churilov L.P., Ferrari S. M., Antonelli A. Hashimotos’ thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019; (33): 101367. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ragusa F., Fallahi P., Elia G., Gonnella D., Paparo S.R., Giusti C., Churilov L.P., Ferrari S. M., Antonelli A. Hashimotos’ thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2019; (33): 101367. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2019.101367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartalena L. Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2013; (9): 724–734. https://doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.193.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartalena L. Diagnosis and management of Graves disease: a global overview, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2013; (9): 724–734. https://doi:10.1038/nrendo.2013.193.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knip M., Siljander H. Autoimmune mechanisms in type 1 diabetes, Autoimmun. Rev. 2008; (7): 550–557. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knip M., Siljander H. Autoimmune mechanisms in type 1 diabetes, Autoimmun. Rev. 2008; (7): 550–557. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kusunoki S., Kaida K. Antibodies against ganglioside complexes in Guillain-Barré syndrome and related disorders, J. Neurochem. 2011; (116): 828–832. https://doi:10.1111/j.1471–4159.2010.07029.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kusunoki S., Kaida K. Antibodies against ganglioside complexes in Guillain-Barré syndrome and related disorders, J. Neurochem. 2011; (116): 828–832. https://doi:10.1111/j.1471–4159.2010.07029.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haven T. R., Astill M. E., Pasi B. M., Carper J. B., Wu L. L., Tebo A. E., Hill H. R. An Algorithm for Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Testing in Patients with Suspected Myasthenia Gravis, Clin. Chem. 2010; (56): 1028–1029. https://doi:10.1373/ clinchem.2009.140392.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haven T. R., Astill M. E., Pasi B. M., Carper J. B., Wu L. L., Tebo A. E., Hill H. R. An Algorithm for Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody Testing in Patients with Suspected Myasthenia Gravis, Clin. Chem. 2010; (56): 1028–1029. https://doi:10.1373/ clinchem.2009.140392.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Granerod J., Ambrose H. E., Davies N.W., Clewley J.P., Walsh A. L., Morgan D., Cunningham R., Zuckerman M., Mutton K. J., Solomon T., Ward K.N., Lunn M.P., Irani S. R., Vincent A., Brown D. W., Crowcroft N. S. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study, Lancet Infect. Dis. 2010; (10): 835–844. https://doi:10.1016/S 1473–3099(10)70222-X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granerod J., Ambrose H. E., Davies N.W., Clewley J.P., Walsh A. L., Morgan D., Cunningham R., Zuckerman M., Mutton K. J., Solomon T., Ward K.N., Lunn M.P., Irani S. R., Vincent A., Brown D. W., Crowcroft N. S. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study, Lancet Infect. Dis. 2010; (10): 835–844. https://doi:10.1016/S 1473–3099(10)70222-X.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Husby S., Koletzko S., Korponay-Szabó I., Kurppa K., Mearin M. L., Ribes-Koninckx C., Shamir R., Troncone R., Auricchio R., Castillejo G., Christensen R., Dolinsek J., Gillett P., Hróbjartsson A., Koltai T., Maki M., Nielsen S.M., Popp A., Størdal K., Werkstetter K., Wessels M. European Society Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosing Coeliac Disease 2020, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2020; (70): 141–156. https://doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Husby S., Koletzko S., Korponay-Szabó I., Kurppa K., Mearin M. L., Ribes-Koninckx C., Shamir R., Troncone R., Auricchio R., Castillejo G., Christensen R., Dolinsek J., Gillett P., Hróbjartsson A., Koltai T., Maki M., Nielsen S.M., Popp A., Størdal K., Werkstetter K., Wessels M. European Society Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Guidelines for Diagnosing Coeliac Disease 2020, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2020; (70): 141–156. https://doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000002497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Schmidt, M. Kasperkiewicz, P. Joly, Pemphigus, Lancet. 2019; (394): 882–894. https://doi:10.1016/S 0140–6736(19)31778–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Schmidt, M. Kasperkiewicz, P. Joly, Pemphigus, Lancet. 2019; (394): 882–894. https://doi:10.1016/S 0140–6736(19)31778–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Tozzoli, C. Bonaguri, A. Melegari, A. Antico, D. Bassetti, N. Bizzaro, Current state of diagnostic technologies in the autoimmunology laboratory, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2013; (51): 1437–4331 https://doi:10.1515/cclm 2012–0191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Tozzoli, C. Bonaguri, A. Melegari, A. Antico, D. Bassetti, N. Bizzaro, Current state of diagnostic technologies in the autoimmunology laboratory, Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2013; (51): 1437–4331 https://doi:10.1515/cclm 2012–0191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robbins W. C., Holman H.R., Deicher H., Kunkel H. G. Complement Fixation with Cell Nuclei and DNA in Lupus Erythematosus, Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; (96): 575–579. https://doi:10.3181/00379727–96–23545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robbins W. C., Holman H.R., Deicher H., Kunkel H. G. Complement Fixation with Cell Nuclei and DNA in Lupus Erythematosus, Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; (96): 575–579. https://doi:10.3181/00379727–96–23545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson J. R., Goudie R. B., Gray K., Timbury G. C. Auto-antibodies in addison’s disease, Lancet. 1957;(26919): 1123–1124. https://doi:10.1016/S 0140– 6736(57)91687–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson J. R., Goudie R. B., Gray K., Timbury G. C. Auto-antibodies in addison’s disease, Lancet. 1957;(26919): 1123–1124. https://doi:10.1016/S 0140– 6736(57)91687–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceppellini R., Polli E., Celada F. A DNA-Reacting Factor in Serum of a Patient with Lupus Erythematosus Diffusus., Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; (96): 572–574. https://doi:10.3181/00379727–96–23544.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceppellini R., Polli E., Celada F. A DNA-Reacting Factor in Serum of a Patient with Lupus Erythematosus Diffusus., Exp. Biol. Med. 1957; (96): 572–574. https://doi:10.3181/00379727–96–23544.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Charles P. J., van Venrooij W. J., Maini R. N. The Consensus Workshops for the Detection of Autoantibodies to Intracellular Antigens in Rheumatic Diseases: 1989–1992., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 1989 (10): 507–11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/1458707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Charles P. J., van Venrooij W. J., Maini R. N. The Consensus Workshops for the Detection of Autoantibodies to Intracellular Antigens in Rheumatic Diseases: 1989–1992., Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 1989 (10): 507–11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/1458707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bizzaro N., Tozzoli R., Tonutti E., Piazza A., F. Manoni, A. Ghirardello, D. Bassetti, D. Villalta, M. Pradella, P. Rizzotti, Variability between methods to determine ANA, anti-dsDNA and anti-ENA autoantibodies: a collaborative study with the biomedical industry, J. Immunol. Methods. 1998; (219): 99–107. https://doi:10.1016/S 0022–1759(98)00140–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bizzaro N., Tozzoli R., Tonutti E., Piazza A., F. Manoni, A. Ghirardello, D. Bassetti, D. Villalta, M. Pradella, P. Rizzotti, Variability between methods to determine ANA, anti-dsDNA and anti-ENA autoantibodies: a collaborative study with the biomedical industry, J. Immunol. Methods. 1998; (219): 99–107. https://doi:10.1016/S 0022–1759(98)00140–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boire G., Lopez-Longo F.-J., Lapointe S., Ménard H.-A. Sera from patients with autoimmune disease recognize conformational determinants on the 60-kd ro/ss-a protein, Arthritis Rheum. 1991; (119434): 722–730. https://doi:10.1002/art.1780340613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boire G., Lopez-Longo F.-J., Lapointe S., Ménard H.-A. Sera from patients with autoimmune disease recognize conformational determinants on the 60-kd ro/ss-a protein, Arthritis Rheum. 1991; (119434): 722–730. https://doi:10.1002/art.1780340613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J.W.C.T. J. Damoiseaux, K. Boesten, J. Giesen, J. Austen, Evaluation of a Novel LineBlot Immunoassay for the Detection of Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2005; (1050): 340–347. https://doi:10.1196/annals.1313.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J.W.C.T. J. Damoiseaux, K. Boesten, J. Giesen, J. Austen, Evaluation of a Novel LineBlot Immunoassay for the Detection of Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2005; (1050): 340–347. https://doi:10.1196/annals.1313.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pollard K.M., Casiano C.A., Muro Y., Satoh M., Tanaka S., Chan E.K.L. The uses and misuses of multiplex autoantibody assays in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, Front. Immunol. 2015; (6): 181. https://doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pollard K.M., Casiano C.A., Muro Y., Satoh M., Tanaka S., Chan E.K.L. The uses and misuses of multiplex autoantibody assays in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, Front. Immunol. 2015; (6): 181. https://doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
