medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2022-1-64-70medalphabet-2487Research ArticleСтатьиПатологические постуральные позы при нейродегенеративных заболеванияхPathological postural postures in neurodegenerative diseaseshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0926-7724КопишинскаяС. В.KopishinskayaS. V.

Копишинская Светлана Васильевна, к. м. н., доцент кафедры неврологии, нейрохирургии и нейрореабилитации

г. Киров

Kopishinskaya Svetlana V., PhD Med, associate professor at Dept of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation

Kirov

kopishinskaya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6013-6634ВеличкоИ. А.VelichkoI. A.

Величко Иван Александрович, ассистент кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии с курсом нервных болезней и нейрохирургии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки специалистов

г. Краснодар

 

Velichko Ivan A., assistant of Dept of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery with the course of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Advanced Training and Professional Retraining of Specialists

Krasnodar

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-2445КоротышМ. А.KorotyshM. A.

Коротыш Мария Анатольевна, врач-невролог

Нижний Новгород

Korotysh Maria A., neurologist

Nizhny Novgorod

ФГБОУ ВО «Кировский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияKirov State Medical UniversityRussian FederationФБГОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава РоссииРоссияKuban State Medical UniversityRussian FederationООО «Медико-генетический центр „Геном“»РоссияMedical and Genetic Centre ‘Genome’Russian Federation20220403202201Неврология и психиатрия (1)6470Copyright © Копишинская С.В., Величко И.А., Коротыш М.А., 20222022Копишинская С.В., Величко И.А., Коротыш М.А.Kopishinskaya S.V., Velichko I.A., Korotysh M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2487

Целью данного обзора является анализ данных современной литературы по патологическим постуральным позам при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях. В данном обзоре собраны данные о распространенности, клинической картине и лечении аксиальных постуральных деформаций при паркинсонизме и других нейродегенеративных заболеваниях. Рассмотрены возможные патофизиологические механизмы, требующие дальнейшего изучения. Постуральные деформации были разделены в соответствии с тем, в какой плоскости преобладает деформация – в сагиттальной или фронтальной. Наиболее частыми патологическими постуральными позами при нейродегенеративных заболеваниях являются камптокормия, синдром Пизанской башни, антеколлис, ретроколлис и сколиоз. Эпидемиологические исследования патологических постуральных поз при различных нейродегенеративных заболеваниях необходимы для понимания частоты встречаемости этих состояний в популяции и для выявления и описание новых типов поз. Исследование патомеханизма каждой конкретной патологической позы у конкретного больного необходимо для понимания тактики ведения этого больного. Применение реабилитационных схем медикаментозной и немедикаментозной терапии, в зависимости от типа течения и выраженности патологической постуральной позы, поможет предотвратить это часто необратимое состояние и снизить количество осложнений, например падений, у пациентов с нейродегенеративными заболеваниями.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the data of the modern literature on pathological postural postures in neurodegenerative diseases. This review provides data on the prevalence, clinical presentation, and treatment of axial postural deformities in parkinsonism and other neurodegenerative diseases. It also discusses possible pathophysiological mechanisms that require further study. Postural pathological postures were divided into deformities in the sagittal or frontal plane in accordance with the plane in which the deformity predominates. The most common pathological postural positions in neurodegenerative diseases are camptocormia, Pisa syndrome, antecollis, retrocollis, and scoliosis. Epidemiological studies of pathological postural postures in various neurodegenerative diseases are necessary to understand the frequency of occurrence of these conditions in the population and are necessary to identify and describe new types of postures. The study of the pathomechanism of each specific pathological posture in a particular patient is necessary to understand the tactics of managing this patient. The use of rehabilitation regimens of drug and non-drug therapy, depending on the type of course and the severity of the pathological postural posture, will help prevent this often irreversible condition and reduce the number of complications, for example, falls in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.

антеколлисретроколлиссколиозсиндром Пизанской башнипатологические постуральные позыcamptocormiaantecollisretrocollisscoliosisPisa syndromepathological postural posturesReferencesDoherty K. M., van de Warrenburg B. P., Peralta M. C., Silveira-Moriyama L., Azulay J. P., Gershanik O. S., Bloem B. R. Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10 (6): 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474–4422(11)70067–9Doherty K. M., van de Warrenburg B. P., Peralta M. C., Silveira-Moriyama L., Azulay J. P., Gershanik O. S., Bloem B. R. Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10 (6): 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474–4422(11)70067–9Fasano A., Geroin C., Berardelli A., Bloem B. R., Espay A. J., Hallett M., Lang A. E., Tinazzi M. Diagnostic criteria for camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: A consensus-based proposal. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (53): 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.033Fasano A., Geroin C., Berardelli A., Bloem B. R., Espay A. J., Hallett M., Lang A. E., Tinazzi M. Diagnostic criteria for camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: A consensus-based proposal. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (53): 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.04.033Margraf N. G., Wolke R., Granert O., Berardelli A., Bloem B. R., Djaldetti R., Espay A. J., Fasano A., Furusawa Y., Giladi N., Hallett M., Jankovic J., Murata M., Tinazzi M., Volkmann J., Berg D., Deuschl G. Consensus for the measurement of the camptocormia angle in the standing patient. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (52): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.06.013Margraf N. G., Wolke R., Granert O., Berardelli A., Bloem B. R., Djaldetti R., Espay A. J., Fasano A., Furusawa Y., Giladi N., Hallett M., Jankovic J., Murata M., Tinazzi M., Volkmann J., Berg D., Deuschl G. Consensus for the measurement of the camptocormia angle in the standing patient. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (52): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.06.013Margraf N. G., Wrede A., Deuschl G., Schulz-Schaeffer W. J. Pathophysiological Concepts and Treatment of Camptocormia. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016; 6 (3): 485–501. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-160836Margraf N. G., Wrede A., Deuschl G., Schulz-Schaeffer W. J. Pathophysiological Concepts and Treatment of Camptocormia. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016; 6 (3): 485–501. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-160836Srivanitchapoom P., Hallett M. Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment modalities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87 (1): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014–310049Srivanitchapoom P., Hallett M. Camptocormia in Parkinson's disease: definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment modalities. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016; 87 (1): 75–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014–310049Türk M., Nagel A. M., Roemer F., Schlötzer-Schrehardt U., Thiel C. T., Winterholler M., Schröder R. Camptocormia as the presenting symptom in sporadic late onset nemaline myopathy: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019; 20 (1): 553. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891–019–2942–0Türk M., Nagel A. M., Roemer F., Schlötzer-Schrehardt U., Thiel C. T., Winterholler M., Schröder R. Camptocormia as the presenting symptom in sporadic late onset nemaline myopathy: a case report. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019; 20 (1): 553. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891–019–2942–0Lehmann Urban D., Motlagh Scholle L., Alt K., Ludolph A. C., Rosenbohm A. Camptocormia as a Novel Phenotype in a Heterozygous POLG2 Mutation. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020; 10 (2): 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10020068Lehmann Urban D., Motlagh Scholle L., Alt K., Ludolph A. C., Rosenbohm A. Camptocormia as a Novel Phenotype in a Heterozygous POLG2 Mutation. Diagnostics (Basel). 2020; 10 (2): 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10020068Sato T., Natori T., Hata T., Yamashiro N., Shindo K., Takiyama Y. Camptocormia as an onset symptom of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Sci. 2017; 38 (3): 515–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072–016–2752–1Sato T., Natori T., Hata T., Yamashiro N., Shindo K., Takiyama Y. Camptocormia as an onset symptom of myasthenia gravis. Neurol Sci. 2017; 38 (3): 515–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072–016–2752–1Seidel C., Kuhnt T., Kortmann R. D., Hering K. Radiation-induced camptocormia and dropped head syndrome: Review and case report of radiation-induced movement disorders. Strahlenther Onkol. 2015; 191 (10): 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066–015–0857–8Seidel C., Kuhnt T., Kortmann R. D., Hering K. Radiation-induced camptocormia and dropped head syndrome: Review and case report of radiation-induced movement disorders. Strahlenther Onkol. 2015; 191 (10): 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066–015–0857–8Furusawa Y., Hanakawa T., Mukai Y., Aihara Y., Taminato T., Iawata Y., Takei T., Sakamoto T., Murata M. Mechanism of camptocormia in Parkinson's disease analyzed by tilt table-EMG recording. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015; 21 (7): 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.027Furusawa Y., Hanakawa T., Mukai Y., Aihara Y., Taminato T., Iawata Y., Takei T., Sakamoto T., Murata M. Mechanism of camptocormia in Parkinson's disease analyzed by tilt table-EMG recording. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015; 21 (7): 765–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.02.027Ha Y., Oh J. K., Smith J. S., Ailon T., Fehlings M. G., Shaffrey C. I., Ames C. P. Impact of Movement Disorders on Management of Spinal Deformity in the Elderly. Neurosurgery. 2015; 77 Suppl 4: S 173–S 185. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000940Ha Y., Oh J. K., Smith J. S., Ailon T., Fehlings M. G., Shaffrey C. I., Ames C. P. Impact of Movement Disorders on Management of Spinal Deformity in the Elderly. Neurosurgery. 2015; 77 Suppl 4: S 173–S 185. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000000940Ou R., Liu H., Hou Y., Song W., Cao B., Wei Q., Yuan X.., Chen Y, Zhao B., Shang H. Predictors of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A prospective study from southwest China. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (52): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.03.020Ou R., Liu H., Hou Y., Song W., Cao B., Wei Q., Yuan X.., Chen Y, Zhao B., Shang H. Predictors of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A prospective study from southwest China. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2018; (52): 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.03.020Cerri S., Mus L., Blandini F. Parkinson's Disease in Women and Men: What's the Difference? J Parkinsons Dis. 2019; 9 (3): 501–515. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191683Cerri S., Mus L., Blandini F. Parkinson's Disease in Women and Men: What's the Difference? J Parkinsons Dis. 2019; 9 (3): 501–515. https://doi.org/10.3233/JPD-191683Tatu L., Bogousslavsky J. Camptocormia: New Signs in an Old Syndrome. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2018; (42): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475683Tatu L., Bogousslavsky J. Camptocormia: New Signs in an Old Syndrome. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2018; (42): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1159/000475683Nakane S., Yoshioka M., Oda N., Tani T., Chida K., Suzuki M., Funakawa I., Inukai A., Hasegawa K., Kuroda K., Mizoguchi K., Shioya K., Sonoda Y., Matsuo H. The characteristics of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A large cross-sectional multicenter study in Japan. J Neurol Sci. 2015; 358 (1–2): 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.015Nakane S., Yoshioka M., Oda N., Tani T., Chida K., Suzuki M., Funakawa I., Inukai A., Hasegawa K., Kuroda K., Mizoguchi K., Shioya K., Sonoda Y., Matsuo H. The characteristics of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A large cross-sectional multicenter study in Japan. J Neurol Sci. 2015; 358 (1–2): 299–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2015.09.015Ali F., Matsumoto J. Y., Hassan A. Camptocormia: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment response. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018; 8 (3): 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000453Ali F., Matsumoto J. Y., Hassan A. Camptocormia: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment response. Neurol Clin Pract. 2018; 8 (3): 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000453Margraf N. G., Rohr A., Granert O., Hampel J., Drews A., Deuschl G. MRI of lumbar trunk muscles in patients with Parkinson's disease and camptocormia. J Neurol. 2015; 262 (7): 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–015–7726–3Margraf N. G., Rohr A., Granert O., Hampel J., Drews A., Deuschl G. MRI of lumbar trunk muscles in patients with Parkinson's disease and camptocormia. J Neurol. 2015; 262 (7): 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–015–7726–3Bertram K. L., Stirpe P., Colosimo C. Treatment of camptocormia with botulinum toxin. Toxicon. 2015; 107 (Pt A): 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.004Bertram K. L., Stirpe P., Colosimo C. Treatment of camptocormia with botulinum toxin. Toxicon. 2015; 107 (Pt A): 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.004Mensikova K., Kaiserova M., Vastik M., Kurcova S., Kanovsky P. Treatment of camptocormia with continuous subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: 1-year prospective pilot study [published correction appears in J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015; 122 (6): 835–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702–014–1297–9Mensikova K., Kaiserova M., Vastik M., Kurcova S., Kanovsky P. Treatment of camptocormia with continuous subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: 1-year prospective pilot study [published correction appears in J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2015; 122 (6): 835–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702–014–1297–9Mills R., Bahroo L., Pagan F. An update on the use of botulinum toxin therapy in Parkinson's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015; 15 (1): 511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910–014–0511–3Mills R., Bahroo L., Pagan F. An update on the use of botulinum toxin therapy in Parkinson's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2015; 15 (1): 511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910–014–0511–3Lee K. H., Kim J. M., Kim H. S. Back Extensor Strengthening Exercise and Backpack Wearing Treatment for Camptocormia in Parkinson's Disease: A Retrospective Pilot Study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017; 41 (4): 677–685. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.4.677Lee K. H., Kim J. M., Kim H. S. Back Extensor Strengthening Exercise and Backpack Wearing Treatment for Camptocormia in Parkinson's Disease: A Retrospective Pilot Study. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017; 41 (4): 677–685. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2017.41.4.677Fasano A., Aquino C. C., Krauss J. K., Honey C. R., Bloem B. R. Axial disability and deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015; 11 (2): 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.252Fasano A., Aquino C. C., Krauss J. K., Honey C. R., Bloem B. R. Axial disability and deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015; 11 (2): 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.252Artusi C. A., Zibetti M., Romagnolo A., Rizzone M. G., Merola A., Lopiano L. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation and trunk posture in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018; 137 (5): 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12889Artusi C. A., Zibetti M., Romagnolo A., Rizzone M. G., Merola A., Lopiano L. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation and trunk posture in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 2018; 137 (5): 481–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12889Schulz-Schaeffer W.J., Margraf N. G., Munser S., Wrede A., Buhmann C., Deuschl G., Oehlwein C. Effect of neurostimulation on camptocormia in Parkinson's disease depends on symptom duration. Mov Disord. 2015; 30 (3): 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26081Schulz-Schaeffer W.J., Margraf N. G., Munser S., Wrede A., Buhmann C., Deuschl G., Oehlwein C. Effect of neurostimulation on camptocormia in Parkinson's disease depends on symptom duration. Mov Disord. 2015; 30 (3): 368–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26081Ekmekci H., Kaptan H. Camptocormia and deep brain stimulation: The interesting overlapping etiologies and the therapeutic role of subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease with camptocormia. Surg Neurol Int. 2016; 7 (Suppl 4): S 103–S 107. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152–7806.176130Ekmekci H., Kaptan H. Camptocormia and deep brain stimulation: The interesting overlapping etiologies and the therapeutic role of subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease with camptocormia. Surg Neurol Int. 2016; 7 (Suppl 4): S 103–S 107. https://doi.org/10.4103/2152–7806.176130Liang S., Yu Y., Li H., Wang Y., Cheng Y., Yang H. The Study of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease-Associated Camptocormia. Med Sci Monit. 2020; 26: e919682. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.919682Liang S., Yu Y., Li H., Wang Y., Cheng Y., Yang H. The Study of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson Disease-Associated Camptocormia. Med Sci Monit. 2020; 26: e919682. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.919682Chieng L. O., Madhavan K., Wang M. Y. Deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease related camptocormia. J Clin Neurosci. 2015; 22 (10): 1555–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.05.018Chieng L. O., Madhavan K., Wang M. Y. Deep brain stimulation as a treatment for Parkinson's disease related camptocormia. J Clin Neurosci. 2015; 22 (10): 1555–1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2015.05.018Pirtošek Z., Bajenaru O., Kovács N., Milanov I., Relja M., Skorvanek M. Update on the Management of Parkinson's Disease for General Neurologists. Parkinsons Dis. 2020; 2020: 9131474. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9131474Pirtošek Z., Bajenaru O., Kovács N., Milanov I., Relja M., Skorvanek M. Update on the Management of Parkinson's Disease for General Neurologists. Parkinsons Dis. 2020; 2020: 9131474. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9131474Lefaivre S. C., Almeida Q. J. Can sensory attention focused exercise facilitate the utilization of proprioception for improved balance control in PD? Gait Posture. 2015; 41 (2): 630–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.01.013Lefaivre S. C., Almeida Q. J. Can sensory attention focused exercise facilitate the utilization of proprioception for improved balance control in PD? Gait Posture. 2015; 41 (2): 630–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.01.013Duarte R., Mesnard M., de Sèze M., Vignolles C., Wentzy P. Characterization of morphological trunk changes in camptocormia patients. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2015; 18 (Suppl 1): 1930–1931. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1069573Duarte R., Mesnard M., de Sèze M., Vignolles C., Wentzy P. Characterization of morphological trunk changes in camptocormia patients. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2015; 18 (Suppl 1): 1930–1931. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1069573Brown E. V.D., Bleakley S., Vojcsik G., Weidle J., Boring E. The effect of a novel thoracolumbar brace on spinal alignment in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2020; 32 (1): 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.32.72Brown E. V.D., Bleakley S., Vojcsik G., Weidle J., Boring E. The effect of a novel thoracolumbar brace on spinal alignment in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci. 2020; 32 (1): 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.32.72Ye B. K., Kim H. S., Kim Y. W. Correction of camptocormia using a cruciform anterior spinal hyperextension brace and back extensor strengthening exercise in a patient with Parkinson disease. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015; 39 (1): 128–132. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.1.128Ye B. K., Kim H. S., Kim Y. W. Correction of camptocormia using a cruciform anterior spinal hyperextension brace and back extensor strengthening exercise in a patient with Parkinson disease. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015; 39 (1): 128–132. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2015.39.1.128Cai Y., Reddy R. D., Varshney V., Chakravarthy K. V. Spinal cord stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a review of the preclinical and clinical data and future prospects. Bioelectron Med. 2020; (6): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234–020–00041–9Cai Y., Reddy R. D., Varshney V., Chakravarthy K. V. Spinal cord stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a review of the preclinical and clinical data and future prospects. Bioelectron Med. 2020; (6): 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42234–020–00041–9Okada Y., Kita Y., Nakamura J., Kataoka H., Kiriyama T., Ueno S., Hiyamizu M., Morioka S., Shomoto K. Galvanic vestibular stimulation may improve anterior bending posture in Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport. 2015; 26 (7): 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000360Okada Y., Kita Y., Nakamura J., Kataoka H., Kiriyama T., Ueno S., Hiyamizu M., Morioka S., Shomoto K. Galvanic vestibular stimulation may improve anterior bending posture in Parkinson's disease. Neuroreport. 2015; 26 (7): 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0000000000000360Raju S., Ravi A., Prashanth L. K. Cervical Dystonia Mimics: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2019; (9): 10.7916/tohm.v0.707. https://doi.org/10.7916/tohm.v0.707Raju S., Ravi A., Prashanth L. K. Cervical Dystonia Mimics: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2019; (9): 10.7916/tohm.v0.707. https://doi.org/10.7916/tohm.v0.707Savica R., Kumar N., Ahlskog J. E., Josephs K. A., Matsumoto J. Y., McKeon A. Parkinsonism and dropped head: dystonia, myopathy or both? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012; 18 (1): 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.08.006Savica R., Kumar N., Ahlskog J. E., Josephs K. A., Matsumoto J. Y., McKeon A. Parkinsonism and dropped head: dystonia, myopathy or both? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012; 18 (1): 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.08.006Bouça-Machado R., Pona-Ferreira F., Gonçalves N., Leitão M., Cacho R., Castro-Caldas A., Ferreira J. J. CNS Multidisciplinary Team. Outcome Measures for Evaluating the Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Axial Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2020; (11): 328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00328Bouça-Machado R., Pona-Ferreira F., Gonçalves N., Leitão M., Cacho R., Castro-Caldas A., Ferreira J. J. CNS Multidisciplinary Team. Outcome Measures for Evaluating the Effect of a Multidisciplinary Intervention on Axial Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2020; (11): 328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00328Bouça-Machado R., Duarte G. S., Patriarca M., Castro Caldas A., Alarcão J., Fernandes R. M., Mestre T. A., Matias R., Ferreira J. J. Measurement Instruments to Assess Functional Mobility in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019; 7 (2): 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12874Bouça-Machado R., Duarte G. S., Patriarca M., Castro Caldas A., Alarcão J., Fernandes R. M., Mestre T. A., Matias R., Ferreira J. J. Measurement Instruments to Assess Functional Mobility in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019; 7 (2): 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.12874Iijima M., Osawa M., Uchiyama S., Kitagawa K.. Pramipexole-induced antecollis in patients with Parkinson's disease: Two cases and literature review. eNeurological Sci. 2015; (1): 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.09.001Iijima M., Osawa M., Uchiyama S., Kitagawa K.. Pramipexole-induced antecollis in patients with Parkinson's disease: Two cases and literature review. eNeurological Sci. 2015; (1): 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.09.001Fasano A., Borlot F., Lang A. E., Andrade D. M. Antecollis and levodopa-responsive parkinsonism are late features of Dravet syndrome. Neurology. 2014; 82 (24): 2250–2251. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000521Fasano A., Borlot F., Lang A. E., Andrade D. M. Antecollis and levodopa-responsive parkinsonism are late features of Dravet syndrome. Neurology. 2014; 82 (24): 2250–2251. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000521Kataoka H., Sawada Y., Namizaki T., Shimozato N., Yoshiji H., Ueno S. Intrajejunal Infusion of Levodopa-Carbidopa Gel Can Continuously Reduce the Severity of Dropped Head in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2017; (8): 547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00547Kataoka H., Sawada Y., Namizaki T., Shimozato N., Yoshiji H., Ueno S. Intrajejunal Infusion of Levodopa-Carbidopa Gel Can Continuously Reduce the Severity of Dropped Head in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2017; (8): 547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00547Chen Q., Vu J. P., Cisneros E., Benadof C. N., Zhang Z., Barbano R. L., Goetz C. G., Jankovic J., Jinnah H. A., Perlmutter J. S., Appelbaum M. I., Stebbins G. T., Comella C. L., Peterson D. A. Postural Directionality and Head Tremor in Cervical Dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2020; (10). https://doi.org/10.7916/tohm.v0.745Chen Q., Vu J. P., Cisneros E., Benadof C. N., Zhang Z., Barbano R. L., Goetz C. G., Jankovic J., Jinnah H. A., Perlmutter J. S., Appelbaum M. I., Stebbins G. T., Comella C. L., Peterson D. A. Postural Directionality and Head Tremor in Cervical Dystonia. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2020; (10). https://doi.org/10.7916/tohm.v0.745Ferrazzano G., Berardelli I., Belvisi D., De Bartolo M. I., Di Vita A., Conte A., Fabbrini G. Awareness of Dystonic Posture in Patients with Cervical Dystonia. Front Psychol. 2020; (11): 1434. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01434Ferrazzano G., Berardelli I., Belvisi D., De Bartolo M. I., Di Vita A., Conte A., Fabbrini G. Awareness of Dystonic Posture in Patients with Cervical Dystonia. Front Psychol. 2020; (11): 1434. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01434Jinnah H.A, Neychev V., Hess E. J. The anatomical basis for dystonia: the motor network model. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov 2017; (7): 506. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V69X3SJinnah H.A, Neychev V., Hess E. J. The anatomical basis for dystonia: the motor network model. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov 2017; (7): 506. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8V69X3SGarone G., Capuano A., Travaglini L., Graziola F., Stregapede F., Zanni G., Vigevano F., Bertini E., Nicita F. Clinical and Genetic Overview of Paroxysmal Movement Disorders and Episodic Ataxias. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (10): 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103603Garone G., Capuano A., Travaglini L., Graziola F., Stregapede F., Zanni G., Vigevano F., Bertini E., Nicita F. Clinical and Genetic Overview of Paroxysmal Movement Disorders and Episodic Ataxias. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21 (10): 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103603Huh Y. E., Kim K., Chung W. H., Youn J., Kim S., Cho J. W. Pisa Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenic Roles of Verticality Perception Deficits. Sci Rep. 2018; 8 (1): 1804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598–018–20129–2Huh Y. E., Kim K., Chung W. H., Youn J., Kim S., Cho J. W. Pisa Syndrome in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenic Roles of Verticality Perception Deficits. Sci Rep. 2018; 8 (1): 1804. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598–018–20129–2Michel S. F., Arias Carrión O., Correa T. E., Alejandro P. L., Micheli F. Pisa Syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015; 38 (4): 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000092Michel S. F., Arias Carrión O., Correa T. E., Alejandro P. L., Micheli F. Pisa Syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015; 38 (4): 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000092Akiyama H., Nukui S., Akamatu M., Hasegawa Y., Nishikido O., Inoue S. Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation for painful camptocormia with Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2017; 17 (1): 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883–017–0926-yAkiyama H., Nukui S., Akamatu M., Hasegawa Y., Nishikido O., Inoue S. Effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation for painful camptocormia with Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease: a case report. BMC Neurol. 2017; 17 (1): 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883–017–0926-yTinazzi M., Juergenson I., Squintani G., Vattemi G., Montemezzi S., Censi D., Barone P., Bovi T., Fasano A. Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease: an electrophysiological and imaging study. J Neurol. 2013; 260 (8): 2138–2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–013–6945–8Tinazzi M., Juergenson I., Squintani G., Vattemi G., Montemezzi S., Censi D., Barone P., Bovi T., Fasano A. Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease: an electrophysiological and imaging study. J Neurol. 2013; 260 (8): 2138–2148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–013–6945–8Lee Y. F. Antipsychotic-Induced Pisa Syndrome: A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2018; 41 (2): 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000274Lee Y. F. Antipsychotic-Induced Pisa Syndrome: A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2018; 41 (2): 60–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000274Suresh Kumar P. N., Gopalakrishnan A. Clozapine-associated Pisa syndrome: A rare type of tardive dystonia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59 (3): 390–391. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_308_16Suresh Kumar P. N., Gopalakrishnan A. Clozapine-associated Pisa syndrome: A rare type of tardive dystonia. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017; 59 (3): 390–391. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_308_16Alwardat M., Di Lazzaro G., Schirinzi T., Sinibaldi Salime P., Mercuri N. B., Pisani A. Does Pisa syndrome affect upper limb function in patients with Parkinson's disease? An observational cross-sectional study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2018; 42 (2): 143–148. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-172274Alwardat M., Di Lazzaro G., Schirinzi T., Sinibaldi Salime P., Mercuri N. B., Pisani A. Does Pisa syndrome affect upper limb function in patients with Parkinson's disease? An observational cross-sectional study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2018; 42 (2): 143–148. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-172274Geroin C., Gandolfi M., Maddalena I., Smania N., Tinazzi M. Do Upper and Lower Camptocormias Affect Gait and Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson's Disease? An Observational Cross-Sectional Study. Parkinsons Dis. 2019; (2019): 9026890. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9026890Geroin C., Gandolfi M., Maddalena I., Smania N., Tinazzi M. Do Upper and Lower Camptocormias Affect Gait and Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson's Disease? An Observational Cross-Sectional Study. Parkinsons Dis. 2019; (2019): 9026890. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9026890Miletić V., Radić B., Relja M.. Acute pisa syndrome as a neurological emergency. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015; 27 (2): e159–e160. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14050105Miletić V., Radić B., Relja M.. Acute pisa syndrome as a neurological emergency. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015; 27 (2): e159–e160. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.14050105Schlenstedt C., Gavriliuc O., Boße K., Wolke R., Granert O., Deuschl G., Margraf N. G. The Effect of Medication and Deep Brain Stimulation on Posture in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2019; (10): 1254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01254Schlenstedt C., Gavriliuc O., Boße K., Wolke R., Granert O., Deuschl G., Margraf N. G. The Effect of Medication and Deep Brain Stimulation on Posture in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol. 2019; (10): 1254. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01254Capecci M., Serpicelli C., Fiorentini L., Censi G., Ferretti M., Orni C., Renzi R., Provinciali L., Ceravolo M. G. Postural rehabilitation and Kinesio taping for axial postural disorders in Parkinson's disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014; 95 (6): 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.020Capecci M., Serpicelli C., Fiorentini L., Censi G., Ferretti M., Orni C., Renzi R., Provinciali L., Ceravolo M. G. Postural rehabilitation and Kinesio taping for axial postural disorders in Parkinson's disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014; 95 (6): 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.020

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.