<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2021-36-41-46</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-2394</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕВРОЛОГИЯ И ПСИХИАТРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Роль мутаций в гене MTHFR и гипергомоцистеинемии в развитии ишемического инсульта</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Role of mutations in MTHFR gene and hyperhomocysteinemia in occurrence of ischemic stroke</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-0424</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Манышева</surname><given-names>К. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manysheva</surname><given-names>K. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Манышева Ксения Борисовна, ассистент кафедры нервных болезней, медицинской генетики и нейрохирургии; член ассоциации</p><p>Махачкала</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Manysheva Ksenia B., assistant at Dept of Nervous Diseases, Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery; member of Association</p><p>Makhachkala</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">manyshevakb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абусуева</surname><given-names>Б. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abusueva</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Абусуева Бурлият Абусуевна, зав. кафедрой нервных болезней,медицинской генетики и  нейрохирургии; член ассоциации</p><p>Махачкала</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Abusueva Burliyat A., head of Dept of Nervous Diseases, Medical Genetics andNeurosurgery; member of Association</p><p>Makhachkala</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7084-0572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умаханова</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Umakhanova</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Умаханова Зоя Рашидовна, зав. кафедрой неврологии факультета повышения квалификации и профессиональной переподготовки специалистов; председатель ассоциации</p><p>Махачкала</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Umakhanova Zoya R., head of Dept of Neurology of Faculty of Advanced Trainingand Professional Retraining of Specialists; chairman of Association</p><p>Makhachkala</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Дагестанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России; Дагестанская ассоциация (Союз) неврологов, нейрохирургов и специалистов по реабилитации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Dagestan State Medical University; Dagestan Association (Union) of Neurologists, Neurosurgeons and Rehabilitation Specialists</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>36</issue><issue-title>Неврология и психиатрия (4)</issue-title><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>46</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Манышева К.Б., Абусуева Б.А., Умаханова З.Р., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Манышева К.Б., Абусуева Б.А., Умаханова З.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Manysheva K.B., Abusueva B.A., Umakhanova Z.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2394">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2394</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования. Обзор и анализ научных публикаций, посвященных проблемам возникновения инсульта, его связи с наиболее часто встречающимися мутациями в гене MTHFR, их отдельными аллельными вариантами и уровнем гомоцистеина сыворотки крови.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Путем анализа зарубежных и отечественных публикаций выявлена взаимосвязь наиболее значимых мутаций в гене MTHFR с повышением уровня гомоцистеина сыворотки крови, который является предиктором развития сосудистых катастроф, в том числе острых нарушений кровообращения головного мозга.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Инсульт является социально значимым заболеванием. Все факторы риска возникновения острого церебрального инсульта подразделяются на модифицируемые и немодифицируемые. К немодифицируемым факторам, предрасполагающим к развитию ишемического и геморрагического инсульта, относятся пол, возраст, наследственные факторы, в том числе генетические мутации по целому ряду генов. MTHFR является геном, носительство отдельных аллельных вариантов которого способно оказывать влияние на уровень гомоцистеина сыворотки крови, вызывая его повышение, а гипергомоцистеинемия, по данным ряда исследований, является вероятным предиктором заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы, в том числе острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения. В то же время большое количество исследований свидетельствует в пользу протективной роли снижения повышенного уровня гомоцистеина сыворотки крови с использованием различных лекарственных форм препаратов фолиевой кислоты и витаминов группы В. Авторами статьи предпринята попытка обработать, проанализировать, обобщить и резюмировать данные современных актуальных исследований по рассматриваемой теме.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Выявлена связь возникновения как ишемического, так и геморрагического инсульта с наиболее часто встречающимися мутациями в гене MTHFR. Гипергомоцистеинемия, как самостоятельная, так и развивающаяся в результате данных мутаций, является независимым фактором риска развития острой церебральной ишемии. Нормализация повышенного уровня гомоцистеина сыворотки крови требуется всем пациентам с целью профилактики инсульта и включает в себя не только употребление продуктов, обогащенных фолиевой кислотой, но и фармакологическую коррекцию фолатами и витаминами группы В.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The objective of the study is review and analyze scientific publications devoted to the problems of stroke, its relationship with the most common mutations in the MTHFR gene and their individual allelic variants and serum homocysteine levels.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. Analyzing foreign and domestic publications, the relationship of the strongest mutations in the MTHFR gene with an increase in the level of serum homocysteine, which is a predictor of the development of vascular accidents, including acute circulatory disorders of the brain, was revealed.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Stroke is a socially significant disease. All risk factors for acute cerebral stroke are subdivided into modifiable and non-modifiable. To a non-modifiable factor that predisposes to the development of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, hereditary factors, including genetic mutations in a number of genes. MTHFR is a genome carrying individual allelic variants that can affect the level of homocysteine in blood serum, causing it to increase, and hyperhomocysteinemia, according to a number of studies, is a likely predictor of diseases of the cardiovascular system, including severe cerebrovascular accidents. At the same time, a large number of studies use the services of the protective role of reducing the elevated level of serum homocysteine using various forms of folic acid and B vitamins. The authors of the article attempted to process, analyze and summarize the data of modern research issues on the topic under consideration.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The relationship between the occurrence of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and the most common mutations in the MTHFR gene has been revealed. Hyperhomocysteinemia, separate and developing as a result of these mutations, is an independent risk factor for the development of acute cerebral ischemia. Normalization of elevated serum homocysteine levels is required for all patients as stroke prevention, and includes not only the use of foods enriched with folic acid, but also pharmacological correction of folates and B vitamins.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инсульт</kwd><kwd>МТГФР</kwd><kwd>генетические мутации</kwd><kwd>гомоцистеин</kwd><kwd>фолиевая кислота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stroke</kwd><kwd>MTHFR</kwd><kwd>genetic mutations</kwd><kwd>homocysteine</kwd><kwd>folic acid</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goyette P, Sumner J, Milos R, et al. Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification. Nature Genetics. 1994; 7: 195–200. DOI: 10.1038/ng0694–195.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goyette P, Sumner J, Milos R, et al. Human methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: isolation of cDNA, mapping and mutation identification. Nature Genetics. 1994; 7: 195–200. DOI: 10.1038/ng0694–195.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пизова Н. В., Пизов Н. А. Гипергомоцистеинемия и ишемический инсульт. Медицинский совет. 2017; 10: 12–17. DOI: 10.21518/2079–701X-2017–10–12–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pizova N. V., Pizov N. A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and ischemic stroke. Medical Council (Medicinskiy sovet). 2017; 10: 12–17. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.21518/2079–701X-2017–10–12–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nature Genetics. 1995; 10: 111–113. DOI: 10.1038/ng0595–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frosst P, Blom HJ, Milos R, et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: A common mutation in Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nature Genetics. 1995; 10: 111–113. DOI: 10.1038/ng0595–111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudman N. P. An alternative view of homocysteine. Lancet. 1999; 354: 2072–2074. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(99)03383–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dudman N. P. An alternative view of homocysteine. Lancet. 1999; 354: 2072–2074. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(99)03383–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriano-Tárraga C, Jiménez-Conde J, Giralt-Steinhauer E, et al. Global DNA methylation of ischemic stroke subtypes. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (4): e96543. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096543.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriano-Tárraga C, Jiménez-Conde J, Giralt-Steinhauer E, et al. Global DNA methylation of ischemic stroke subtypes. PLoS One. 2014; 9 (4): e96543. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096543.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baccarelli A, Wright R, Bollati V, et al. Ischemic heart disease and stroke in relation to blood DNA methylation. Epidemiology. 2010; 21 (6): 819–28. DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181f20457.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baccarelli A, Wright R, Bollati V, et al. Ischemic heart disease and stroke in relation to blood DNA methylation. Epidemiology. 2010; 21 (6): 819–28. DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e3181f20457.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu S, Shi Q, Li B, et al. High MTHFR promoter methylation levels in men confer protection against ischemic stroke. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences. 2020; 20 (4): 477–486. DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4636.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu S, Shi Q, Li B, et al. High MTHFR promoter methylation levels in men confer protection against ischemic stroke. Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences. 2020; 20 (4): 477–486. DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4636.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang SS, Wong PWK, Susmano A, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: An inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. American Journal of Human Genetics.1991; 48 (3):536–545.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang SS, Wong PWK, Susmano A, et al. Thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase: An inherited risk factor for coronary artery disease. American Journal of Human Genetics.1991; 48 (3):536–545.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корчагин В. И., Миронов К. О., Дрибноходова О. П. и др. Роль генетических факторов в формировании индивидуальной предрасположенности к ишемическому инсульту. Анналы экспериментальной и клинической неврологии. 2016; 10 (1): 65–74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korchagin V. I., Mironov K. O., Dribnokhodova O. P., et al. The role of genetic factors in the formation of an individual predisposition to ischemic stroke. Annals of Experimental and Clinical Neurology (Annaly experimentalnoy i clinicheskoy nevrologii). 2016; 10 (1): 65–74. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isordia-Salas I, Barinagarrementería-Aldatz F, Leaños-Miranda A, et al. The C677T Polymorphism of the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Is Associated with Idiopathic Ischemic Stroke in the Young Mexican-Mestizo Population. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2010; 29 (5): 454–459. DOI: 10.1159/000289349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isordia-Salas I, Barinagarrementería-Aldatz F, Leaños-Miranda A, et al. The C677T Polymorphism of the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene Is Associated with Idiopathic Ischemic Stroke in the Young Mexican-Mestizo Population. Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2010; 29 (5): 454–459. DOI: 10.1159/000289349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hainsworth AH, Yeo NE, Weekman EM, et al. Homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2016; 1862: 1008–1017. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hainsworth AH, Yeo NE, Weekman EM, et al. Homocysteine, hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2016; 1862: 1008–1017. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.11.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuan H, Fu M, Yang X, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801133 associated with elevated Hcy levels affects susceptibility to cerebral small vessel disease. Peer J physical chemistry. 2020; 8: e8627. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8627.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuan H, Fu M, Yang X, et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism of MTHFR rs1801133 associated with elevated Hcy levels affects susceptibility to cerebral small vessel disease. Peer J physical chemistry. 2020; 8: e8627. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8627.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li A, Shi Y, Xu L, et al. A possible synergistic effect of MTHFR C677T polymorphism on homocysteine level variations increased risk for ischemic stroke. Medicine. 2017; 96 (51): e9300. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009300.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li A, Shi Y, Xu L, et al. A possible synergistic effect of MTHFR C677T polymorphism on homocysteine level variations increased risk for ischemic stroke. Medicine. 2017; 96 (51): e9300. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009300.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feng C, Bai X, Xu Y, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia associates with small vessel disease more closely than large vessel disease. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 10: 408–412. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5272.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feng C, Bai X, Xu Y, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia associates with small vessel disease more closely than large vessel disease. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013; 10: 408–412. DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5272.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sgarra L, Bortone AS, Potenza MA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction may link interatrial septal abnormalities and MTHFR-inherited defects to cryptogenic stroke predisposition. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (6): 861. DOI: 10.3390/biom10060861.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sgarra L, Bortone AS, Potenza MA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction may link interatrial septal abnormalities and MTHFR-inherited defects to cryptogenic stroke predisposition. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (6): 861. DOI: 10.3390/biom10060861.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei L, Sutherland H, Au A, et al. A potential epigenetic marker mediating serum folate and Vitamin B 12 levels contributes to the risk of ischemic stroke. Bio Med Research International. 2015. Available from: https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/167976.pdf. DOI: 10.1155/2015/167976.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei L, Sutherland H, Au A, et al. A potential epigenetic marker mediating serum folate and Vitamin B 12 levels contributes to the risk of ischemic stroke. Bio Med Research International. 2015. Available from: https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/167976.pdf. DOI: 10.1155/2015/167976.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coşar A, Ipçioğlu O, Ozcan O, Gültepe M. Folate and homocysteine metabolisms and their roles in the biochemical basis of neuropsychiatry. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014; 44 (1): 1–9. DOI: 10.3906/sag-1211–39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coşar A, Ipçioğlu O, Ozcan O, Gültepe M. Folate and homocysteine metabolisms and their roles in the biochemical basis of neuropsychiatry. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2014; 44 (1): 1–9. DOI: 10.3906/sag-1211–39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Pronounced association of elevated serum homocysteine with stroke in subgroups of individuals: A nationwide study. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2010; 298 (1–2): 153–157. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Towfighi A, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Pronounced association of elevated serum homocysteine with stroke in subgroups of individuals: A nationwide study. Journal of the neurological sciences. 2010; 298 (1–2): 153–157. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.07.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hou J, Zeng X, Xie Y, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and risk of ischemic stroke in a southern Chinese Hakka population. Medicine. 2018; 97 (51): e13645. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013645.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hou J, Zeng X, Xie Y, et al. Genetic polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and risk of ischemic stroke in a southern Chinese Hakka population. Medicine. 2018; 97 (51): e13645. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013645.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar A, Kumar P, Prasad M, et al. Association of C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR gene) with ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurological Research. 2015; 37 (7): 568–577. DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar A, Kumar P, Prasad M, et al. Association of C677T polymorphism in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR gene) with ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurological Research. 2015; 37 (7): 568–577. DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Faraci FM. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a million ways to lose control. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2003; 23: 371–373. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000063607.56590.7F.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Faraci FM. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a million ways to lose control. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2003; 23: 371–373. DOI: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000063607.56590.7F.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu XY, Hou RY, Pan XD, et al. Association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and ischemic stroke in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis. The International journal of neuroscience. 2015; 125 (12): 885–894. DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.984295.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu XY, Hou RY, Pan XD, et al. Association between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and ischemic stroke in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis. The International journal of neuroscience. 2015; 125 (12): 885–894. DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.984295.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casas JP, Bautista LE, Smeeth L, et al. Homocysteine and stroke: evidence on causal link from mendelian randomisation. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9455): 224–232. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(05)17742–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casas JP, Bautista LE, Smeeth L, et al. Homocysteine and stroke: evidence on causal link from mendelian randomisation. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9455): 224–232. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(05)17742–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang, G., Kuai, Z., Wang, J., et al. The association of MTHFR C677T variant with increased risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly population: a meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Geriatrics. 2019; 19 (1): 224–232. DOI:10.1186/s12877–019–1304-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang, G., Kuai, Z., Wang, J., et al. The association of MTHFR C677T variant with increased risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly population: a meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Geriatrics. 2019; 19 (1): 224–232. DOI:10.1186/s12877–019–1304-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gayathri Upeksha Amarakoon AAD, Fernandopulle N. Detection of C677T &amp; A1298C mutations within the MTHFR gene by PCR and RFLP assays and assessment of risk factor of Hyperhomocysteinemia. World Scientific News. 2016; 53 (3): 253–274. Available from: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/WSN‑533–2016–253–274.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gayathri Upeksha Amarakoon AAD, Fernandopulle N. Detection of C677T &amp; A1298C mutations within the MTHFR gene by PCR and RFLP assays and assessment of risk factor of Hyperhomocysteinemia. World Scientific News. 2016; 53 (3): 253–274. Available from: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/WSN‑533–2016–253–274.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu HH, Zhang WL, Shi JP. Relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T polymorphism and susceptibility of ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. 2011; 91 (29): 2060–2064. (In Chinese). Available from: http://rs.yiigle.com/CN112137201129/123258.htm</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu HH, Zhang WL, Shi JP. Relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T polymorphism and susceptibility of ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. 2011; 91 (29): 2060–2064. (In Chinese). Available from: http://rs.yiigle.com/CN112137201129/123258.htm</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Allawi NA, Avo AS, Jubrael JM. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism in Iraqi patients with ischemic stroke. Neurology India [serial online] 2009 [cited 2020 Oct 29]; 57: 631–635. Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2009/57/5/631/57821. DOI: 10.4103/0028–3886.57821.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Allawi NA, Avo AS, Jubrael JM. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism in Iraqi patients with ischemic stroke. Neurology India [serial online] 2009 [cited 2020 Oct 29]; 57: 631–635. Available from: https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2009/57/5/631/57821. DOI: 10.4103/0028–3886.57821.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qin X, Spence JD, Li J, et al. Interaction of serum vitamin B 12 and folate with MTHFR genotypes on risk of ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2020; 94 (11): e1126–e1136. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qin X, Spence JD, Li J, et al. Interaction of serum vitamin B 12 and folate with MTHFR genotypes on risk of ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2020; 94 (11): e1126–e1136. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008932.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pavlovic AM, Pekmezovic T, Obrenovic R, et al. Increased total homocysteine level is associated with clinical status and severity of white matter changes in symptomatic patients with subcortical small vessel disease. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2011; 113 (9): 711–715. DOI 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.07.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pavlovic AM, Pekmezovic T, Obrenovic R, et al. Increased total homocysteine level is associated with clinical status and severity of white matter changes in symptomatic patients with subcortical small vessel disease. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2011; 113 (9): 711–715. DOI 10.1016/j.clineuro.2011.07.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nam KW, Kwon HM, Jeong HY, et al. Serum homocysteine level is related to cerebral small vessel disease in a healthy population. Neurology. 2019; 92 (4): e317–e325. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006816.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nam KW, Kwon HM, Jeong HY, et al. Serum homocysteine level is related to cerebral small vessel disease in a healthy population. Neurology. 2019; 92 (4): e317–e325. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006816.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fekih-Mrissa N, Mrad M, Klai S, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms, hyperhomocysteinemia, and ischemic stroke in Tunisian patients. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. 2013; 22 (4): 465–469. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.03.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fekih-Mrissa N, Mrad M, Klai S, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms, hyperhomocysteinemia, and ischemic stroke in Tunisian patients. Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. 2013; 22 (4): 465–469. DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.03.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фазлиахметова А. Г., Богданов Э. И. Тромбофилия и инсульт. Практическая медицина. 2016; 4 (96): 133–136. Fazliakhmetova AG, Bogdanov EI. Trombophilia and stroke. Practical Medicine (Practicheskaya medicina). 2016; 4 (96): 133–136. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fazliakhmetova AG, Bogdanov EI. Trombophilia and stroke. Practical Medicine (Practicheskaya medicina). 2016; 4 (96): 133–136. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akar N, Akar E, Ozel D, et al. Common mutations at the homocysteine metabolism pathway and pediatric stroke. Thrombosis Research. 2001; 102: 15–20. DOI: 10.1016/s0049–3848(01)00226–2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akar N, Akar E, Ozel D, et al. Common mutations at the homocysteine metabolism pathway and pediatric stroke. Thrombosis Research. 2001; 102: 15–20. DOI: 10.1016/s0049–3848(01)00226–2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zheng YZ, Tong J, Do XP, et al. Prevalence of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and its association with arterial and venous thrombosis in the Chinese population. The British Journal of Haematology. 2000; 109: 870–874. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365–2141.2000.02112.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zheng YZ, Tong J, Do XP, et al. Prevalence of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and its association with arterial and venous thrombosis in the Chinese population. The British Journal of Haematology. 2000; 109: 870–874. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365–2141.2000.02112.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Страмбовская Н. Н., Витковский Ю. А., Сизикова О. Н., Паламова Р. Ц. Первичные тромбофилии у больных ишемическим инсультом в республике Бурятия. Забайкальский медицинский вестник. 2010; 1: 45–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strambovskaya NN, Vitkovskiy YuA, Sizikova ON, Palamova RC. Primary thrombophilia in patients with ischemic stroke in the Republic of Buryatia. Transbaikal Medical Bulletin (Zabaykalskiy medicinskiy vestnik). 2010; 1: 45–51. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Катаев П. В., Тимченко Л. В., Жадан О. Н., Сичинава Д. К. Наследственные тромбофилии и ишемический инсульт у молодых. Инновационная медицина Кубани. 2018; 3 (11): 11–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kataev PV, Timchenko LV, Zhadan ON, Sichinava DK. Hereditary thrombophilia and ischemic stroke in young people. Innovative Medicine of the Kuban (Innovacionnaya medicina Kubani). 2018; 3 (11): 11–15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun, J.-Z., Xu, Y., Lu, H., &amp; Zhu, Y. Polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene association with homocysteine and ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetes. Neurology India. 2009; 57 (5): 589. DOI:10.4103/0028–3886.57808.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun, J.-Z., Xu, Y., Lu, H., &amp; Zhu, Y. Polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene association with homocysteine and ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetes. Neurology India. 2009; 57 (5): 589. DOI:10.4103/0028–3886.57808.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никитина В. В. Неврологические расстройства у пациентов с нарушениями метаболизма витаминов и микроэлементов. European Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. 2017; 2: 34–36. DOI: 10.20534/ELBLS-17–2–7–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikitina VV. Neurological disorders in patients with metabolic disorders of vitamins and trace elements. European Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. 2017; 2: 34–36. DOI: 10.20534/ELBLS-17–2–7–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Soriente L, Coppola A, Madonna P, et al. Homozygous C677T mutation of the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and hyperhomocysteinemia in Italian patients with a history of early-onset ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998; 29: 869–871.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soriente L, Coppola A, Madonna P, et al. Homozygous C677T mutation of the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and hyperhomocysteinemia in Italian patients with a history of early-onset ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998; 29: 869–871.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chita DS, Tudor A, Christodorescu R, et al. MTHFR gene polymorphisms prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors involved in cardioembolic stroke type and severity. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10 (8): 476. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chita DS, Tudor A, Christodorescu R, et al. MTHFR gene polymorphisms prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors involved in cardioembolic stroke type and severity. Brain Sciences. 2020; 10 (8): 476. DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu M, Gutierrez J. Genetic Risk Factors of Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2020; 22 (4): 13. DOI: 10.1007/s11883–020–0831–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu M, Gutierrez J. Genetic Risk Factors of Intracranial Atherosclerosis. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2020; 22 (4): 13. DOI: 10.1007/s11883–020–0831–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лукьянчикова Л. В., Бельская Г. Н., Хайрутдинова Д. Ф. и др. мультигенная тромбофилия как фактор риска повторного инсульта. Неврологический журнал. 2014; 4: 44–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lukyanchikova LV, Belskaya GN, Khairutdinova DF, et al. Multigenic thrombophilia as a risk factor of recurrent stroke. Neurological journal (Nevrologicheskiy zhurnal). 2014; 4: 44–49. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпенко М. А., Шацкая Е. Г., Солнцев В. Н., и др. Острые цереброваскулярные катастрофы у больных артериальной гипертензией: молекулярно-генетические аспекты. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2008; 4 (1): 33–38. DOI: 10.20996/1819–6446–2008–4–1–33–38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpenko MA, Shatskaya EG, Solntsev VN, et al. Acute cerebrovascular events in patients with arterial hypertension: molecular genetic aspects. Rational pharmacotherapy in cardiology (Racionalnaya farmakoterapia v kardiologii). 2008; 4 (1): 33–38. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20996/1819–6446–2008–4–1–33–38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
