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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2021-22-42-47</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-2237</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные представления об организации центральной нервной системы: коннектом человека и нейронные сети</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Contemporary concept about organization of central nervous system: human connectome and neural networks</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-5537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дамулин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Damulin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Дамулин Игорь Владимирович, д.м.н., проф., в.н.с. </p><p> Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Damulin Igor V., DM Sci, professor, freelance researcher</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9758-8087</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Струценко</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strutzenko</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Струценко Алла Анатольевна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Strutzenko Alla A., PhD Med, associate professor</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mapachemedico@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский научно-исследовательский институт психиатрии – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии имени В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry – a branch of National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Addiction&#13;
Psychiatry n.a. V.P. Serbsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>22</issue><issue-title>Неврология и психиатрия (3)</issue-title><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дамулин И.В., Струценко А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дамулин И.В., Струценко А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Damulin I.V., Strutzenko A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2237">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2237</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель обзора</title><p>Цель обзора. Систематизировать современные представления о структурно-функциональной организации деятельности центральной нервной системы (ЦНС) и значимости разработки концепции коннектома человека.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Значительные успехи в понимании организации работы ЦНС в норме и при различных патологических состояниях были достигнуты после внедрения вначале в научную, а затем и в клиническую практику методов структурной и функциональной нейровизуализации. В последнее время при изучении психоневрологической сферы особое внимание уделяется нейронным сетям. Одним из успехов в этой области является построение коннектома человека – системы структурных и функциональных связей между различными церебральными отделами, состояние которых оценивается при помощи мультимодальных методов функциональной нейровизуализации. Таким образом, развитие наук о мозге вышло на совершенно иной уровень – уровень системной психоневрологии, когда имеющиеся процессы анализируются комплексно, с привлечением специалистов в разных областях – неврологии, психиатрии, лучевой диагностики, математики и др. Коннектом человека является в своей основе биологической системой, поэтому, хотя аналогия с искусственным интеллектом и прослеживается, она занимает далеко не первое место. В основе функционирования коннектома человека лежит принцип параллельной, а не последовательной обработки информации. С учетом присущей головному мозгу (во всяком случае, его некоторым отделам) способности к генерации спонтанных неритмичных осцилляций, это приводит к осуществлению базового принципа функционирования ЦНС – минимизации энергозатрат. Кроме того, наличие спонтанных неритмичных осцилляций (принцип неопределенности), вероятно, и лежит в основе присущей человеку способности к интуитивному мышлению, выработке новых идей. Состояние коннектома в покое определяется прошлым опытом, длительностью внешних воздействий, возрастом. Он влияет на характер и степень выраженности нейропластических процессов, а также, в частности, на эффективность тех или иных фармакологических препаратов у данного индивидуума. При этом конечный итог нейропластических изменений может носить различный характер. Он может быть благоприятным для организма (так называемая адаптивная пластичность), никак не влиять на организм либо даже иметь негативный результат (так называемая мальадаптивная нейропластичность). У детей подобные мальадаптивные проявления носят менее выраженный характер. В настоящее время активно изучаются аппаратные методы воздействия на коннектом. Так, например, было показано, что структура коннектома в состоянии покоя может меняться после проведения транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции. Дальнейшие исследования этой проблемы позволят открыть новые возможности для изучения деятельности столь сложно организованной системы как головной мозг – в норме и при различных патологических состояниях – и разработать более эффективные методы нейрореабилитации.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>The aim</title><p>The aim. To systematize contemporary concept about the structural and functional organization of the central nervous system (CNS) and the importance of developing the concept of the human connectome.</p></sec><sec><title>Main concepts</title><p>Main concepts. Signifcant progress in understanding the organization of the CNS in normal and in various pathological conditions was achieved after the introduction of structural and functional neuroimaging methods frst into scientifc and then into clinical practice. Recently, when studying the neuropsychiatric sphere, special attention has been paid to neural networks. One of the achievements in this feld is the construction of the human connectome – a system of structural and functional connections between various cerebral areas, the state of which is assessed using multimodal methods of functional neuroimaging. Thus, the development of brain sciences has reached a completely different level – the level of systemic psychoneurology, when the existing processes are analyzed comprehensively, with the involvement of specialists in various felds – neurology, psychiatry, neuroimaging, mathematics, etc. The human connectome is basically a biological system, therefore, although the analogy with artifcial intelligence can be traced, it does not take the frst place. The functioning of the human connectome is based on the principle of parallel, rather than sequential, information processing. Taking into account the inherent ability of the brain (at least, some of its areas) to generate spontaneous non-rhythmic oscillations, this leads to the implementation of the basic principle of the functioning of the CNS – minimizing energy consumption. In addition, the presence of spontaneous non-rhythmic oscillations (the principle of uncertainty) probably underlies the inherent human ability to intuitively think, develop new ideas. The state of the connectome in a rest is determined by past experience, the duration of external inﬂuences, and age. It affects the nature and severity of neuroplastic processes, as well as, in particular, the effectiveness of certain pharmacological drugs in a given individual. At the same time, the fnal result of neuroplastic changes may be of a different nature. It can be favorable for the body (the so-called adaptive plasticity), do not affect the body in any way, or even have a negative result (the so-called maladaptive neuroplasticity). In children, such maladaptive manifestations are less pronounced. Currently, hardware methods of inﬂuencing the connectome are being actively studied. For example, it was shown that the structure of the connectome in a rest state can change after transcranial magnetic stimulation. Further studies of this problem will open up new opportunities for studying the activity of such a complexly organized system as the brain – in normal and in various pathological conditions – and to develop more effective methods of neurorehabilitation.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>коннектом человека</kwd><kwd>системная психоневрология</kwd><kwd>мальадаптивная нейропластичность</kwd><kwd>восстановление двигательных функций после инсульта</kwd><kwd>трансколлозальная ингибиция</kwd><kwd>мультисенсорная интеграция</kwd><kwd>мальадаптивный эффект кросс-модальной пластичности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>human connectome</kwd><kwd>systemic neuropsychiatry</kwd><kwd>maladaptive neuroplasticity</kwd><kwd>motor recovery after stroke</kwd><kwd>transcallosal inhibition</kwd><kwd>multisensory integration</kwd><kwd>maladaptive effect of crossmodal plasticity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bullmore E., Sporns O. 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