medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2021-21-12-21medalphabet-2184Research ArticleЭНДОКРИНОЛОГИЯENDOCRINOLOGYРоль витаминов и минералов в нутритивной поддержке иммунитета при COVID-19Role of vitamins and minerals in immunity support in COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4689-3591ОрловаС. В.OrlovaS. V.

Орлова Светлана Владимировна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой диетологии и клинической нутрициологии.

Москва.

Svetlana V. Orlova - DM Sci, professor, head of Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutritiology.

Moscow.

rudn_nutr@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-0333НикитинаЕ. А.NikitinaE. A.

Никитина Елена Александровна – кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры диетологии и клинической нутрициологии.

Москва.

Elena A. Nikitina - PhD Med, assistant professor at Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutritiology.

Moscow.

nikitina-ea1@rudn.ruПрокопенкоЕ. В.ProkopenkoE. V.

Прокопенко Елена Валерьевна - врач-эндокринолог, диетолог, врач-методолог медицинского департамента.

Москва.

Elena V. Prokopenko - endocrinologist, nutritionist, doctor-methodologist Medical Departamenta.

Moscow.

elvprokopenko@gmail.comВодолазкаяА. Н.VodolazkayaA. N.

Водолазкая Ангелина Николаевна - врач диетолог-эндокринолог медицинского центра.

Москва.

Angelina N. Vodolazkaya - nutritionist-endocrinologist, endocrinologist Medical Centre.

Moscow.

drvodolazkaya@gmail.comТатариновВ. В.TatarinovV. V.

Татаринов Василий Вадимович - руководитель НПФ ООО «Нанофит», сотрудник группы электронно-зондового микроанализа лаборатории рентгеновских методов анализа.

Иркутск.

Vasiliy V. Tatarinov - head of research and production company ‘Nanofit', employee of group of electron probe microanalysis of X-ray methods of analysis laboratory.

Irkutsk.

ПигарёваЮ. А.PigarevaYu. A.

Пигарёва Юлия Анатольевна - кандидат медицинских наук, заведующая отделением клинической диетологии ГКБ им. В.В. Виноградова ДЗ Москвы, ассистент кафедры диетологии и клинической нутрициологии ФНМО РУДН.

Москва.

Yulia A. Pigareva - PhD Med, head of Dept of Clinical Dietetics; assistant at Dept of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition.

Moscow.

1092153068@rudn.ruРоссийский университет дружбы народовРоссияPeoples' Friendship University of RussiaRussian FederationООО «МС Груп»РоссияMS Group Co.Russian FederationООО «Эль-Клиник»РоссияEl-Clinic Co.Russian FederationИнститут геохимии имени А.П. Виноградова Сибирского отделения РАНРоссияInstitute of Geochemistry n.a. A.P. VinogradovRussian FederationРоссийский университет дружбы народов; Городская клиническая больница имени В.В. Виноградова Департамента здравоохранения МосквыРоссияPeoples' Friendship University of Russia; City Clinical Hospital n.a. V.V. VinogradovRussian Federation202125092021021Диетология и нутрициология (1)1221Copyright © Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Прокопенко Е.В., Водолазкая А.Н., Татаринов В.В., Пигарёва Ю.А., 20212021Орлова С.В., Никитина Е.А., Прокопенко Е.В., Водолазкая А.Н., Татаринов В.В., Пигарёва Ю.А.Orlova S.V., Nikitina E.A., Prokopenko E.V., Vodolazkaya A.N., Tatarinov V.V., Pigareva Y.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/2184

Поскольку весь мир продолжает бороться с COVID-19, наряду с поисками эффективных методов лечения внимание сосредоточено на пищевых ингредиентах, которые могут помочь укрепить иммунную систему. В обзоре изложена потенциальная роль витаминов и минералов как иммунонутриентов для поддержания неспецифических защитных сил организма при COVID-19.

As the world continues to fight COVID-19, along with the search for effective treatments, attention is focused on food ingredients that can help strengthen the immune system. This review outlines the potential role of vitamins and minerals as immunonutrients in supporting the body's nonspecific defenses against COVID-19.

иммунитетвитаминыминералыCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2immunityvitaminsmineralsCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2ReferencesWHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/Akhtar S, Das JK, Ismail T, Wahid M, Saeed W, Bhutta ZA. Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Nutr Rev. 2021 Feb 11; 79 (3): 289-300. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063. PMID: 33570583; PMCID: PMC7454773.Akhtar S, Das JK, Ismail T, Wahid M, Saeed W, Bhutta ZA. Nutritional perspectives for the prevention and mitigation of COVID-19. Nutr Rev. 2021 Feb 11; 79 (3): 289-300. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa063. PMID: 33570583; PMCID: PMC7454773.Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, Chung MH, Kwon HY, Lee JS. Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov; 100: 390-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32795605; PMCID: PMC 7418699.Im JH, Je YS, Baek J, Chung MH, Kwon HY, Lee JS. Nutritional status of patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov; 100: 390-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.018. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32795605; PMCID: PMC 7418699.Pereira M, Dantas Damascena A, Galvao Azevedo LM, de Almeida Oliveira T, da Mota Santana J. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Nov 4: 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33146028.Pereira M, Dantas Damascena A, Galvao Azevedo LM, de Almeida Oliveira T, da Mota Santana J. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Nov 4: 1-9. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1841090. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33146028.Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Jun 25; 58 (7): 1021-1028. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0369. PMID: 32286245.Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020 Jun 25; 58 (7): 1021-1028. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0369. PMID: 32286245.Taner PE, Gomez-Ochoa SA, LlanajE, Raguindin PF, Rojas LZ, Roa-Dfaz ZM, Salvador D Jr, Groothof D, Minder B, Kopp-Heim D, Hautz WE, Eisenga MF, Franco OH, Glisic M, Muka T. Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020 Aug; 35 (8): 763-773. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00678-5. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PMID: 32816244; PMCID: PMC 7438401.Taner PE, Gomez-Ochoa SA, LlanajE, Raguindin PF, Rojas LZ, Roa-Dfaz ZM, Salvador D Jr, Groothof D, Minder B, Kopp-Heim D, Hautz WE, Eisenga MF, Franco OH, Glisic M, Muka T. Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020 Aug; 35 (8): 763-773. DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00678-5. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PMID: 32816244; PMCID: PMC 7438401.Benoit JL, Benoit SW, de Oliveira MHS, Lippi G, Henry BM. Anemia and COVID-19: A prospective perspective. J Med Virol. 2021 Feb; 93 (2): 708-711. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26530. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PMID: 32949170; PMCID: PMC 7536957.Benoit JL, Benoit SW, de Oliveira MHS, Lippi G, Henry BM. Anemia and COVID-19: A prospective perspective. J Med Virol. 2021 Feb; 93 (2): 708-711. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26530. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PMID: 32949170; PMCID: PMC 7536957.Manzanares W, Moreira E, Hardy G. Pharmaconutrition revisited for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Does selenium have a place? Nutrition. 2021 Jan; 81: 110989. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110989. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PMID: 33049573; PMCID: PMC 7457937.Manzanares W, Moreira E, Hardy G. Pharmaconutrition revisited for critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Does selenium have a place? Nutrition. 2021 Jan; 81: 110989. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110989. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PMID: 33049573; PMCID: PMC 7457937.Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Gowda S, Mundkur L. An exploratory study of selenium status in healthy individuals and in patients with COVID-19 in a south Indian population: The case for adequate selenium status. Nutrition. 2021 Feb; 82: 111053. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111053. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33321395; PMCID: PMC 7657009.Majeed M, Nagabhushanam K, Gowda S, Mundkur L. An exploratory study of selenium status in healthy individuals and in patients with COVID-19 in a south Indian population: The case for adequate selenium status. Nutrition. 2021 Feb; 82: 111053. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111053. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33321395; PMCID: PMC 7657009.Huang W, Li C, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhou N, Jiang J, Ni L, Zhang XA, Wang DW. Decreased serum albumin level indicates poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients: hepatic injury analysis from 2,623 hospitalized cases. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Nov; 63 (11): 1678-1687. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PMID: 32567003; PMCID: PMC 7306450.Huang W, Li C, Wang Z, Wang H, Zhou N, Jiang J, Ni L, Zhang XA, Wang DW. Decreased serum albumin level indicates poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients: hepatic injury analysis from 2,623 hospitalized cases. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Nov; 63 (11): 1678-1687. DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1733-4. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PMID: 32567003; PMCID: PMC 7306450.Zhao X, Li Y, Ge Y, Shi Y, Lv P, Zhang J, Fu G, Zhou Y, Jiang K, Lin N, Bai T, Jin R, Wu Y, Yang X, Li X. Evaluation of Nutrition Risk and Its Association With Mortality Risk in Severely and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021 Jan; 45 (1): 32-42. DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1953. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PMID: 32613660; PMCID: PMC 7361906.Zhao X, Li Y, Ge Y, Shi Y, Lv P, Zhang J, Fu G, Zhou Y, Jiang K, Lin N, Bai T, Jin R, Wu Y, Yang X, Li X. Evaluation of Nutrition Risk and Its Association With Mortality Risk in Severely and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2021 Jan; 45 (1): 32-42. DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1953. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PMID: 32613660; PMCID: PMC 7361906.Scrimshaw NS. Effect of infection on nutrient requirements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977 Sep; 30 (9): 1536-44. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.9.1536. PMID: 331935.Scrimshaw NS. Effect of infection on nutrient requirements. Am J Clin Nutr. 1977 Sep; 30 (9): 1536-44. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.9.1536. PMID: 331935.Liu G, Zhang S, Mao Z, Wang W, Hu H. Clinical significance of nutritional risk screening for older adult patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun; 74 (6): 876-883. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0659-7. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32404899; PMCID: PMC 7220650.Liu G, Zhang S, Mao Z, Wang W, Hu H. Clinical significance of nutritional risk screening for older adult patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun; 74 (6): 876-883. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0659-7. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32404899; PMCID: PMC 7220650.Fernandez-Quintela A, Milton-Laskibar I, Trepiana J, Gomez-Zorita S, Kajarabille N, Leniz A, Gonzalez M, Portillo MP. Key Aspects in Nutritional Management of COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med. 2020 Aug 10; 9 (8): 2589. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082589. PMID: 32785121; PMCID: PMC 7463687.Fernandez-Quintela A, Milton-Laskibar I, Trepiana J, Gomez-Zorita S, Kajarabille N, Leniz A, Gonzalez M, Portillo MP. Key Aspects in Nutritional Management of COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med. 2020 Aug 10; 9 (8): 2589. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082589. PMID: 32785121; PMCID: PMC 7463687.Ali AM, Kunugi H. Hypoproteinemia predicts disease severity and mortality in COVID-19: a call for action. Diagn Pathol. 2021 Apr 13; 16 (1): 31. DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01092-5. PMID: 33849598; PMCID: PMC 8042835.Ali AM, Kunugi H. Hypoproteinemia predicts disease severity and mortality in COVID-19: a call for action. Diagn Pathol. 2021 Apr 13; 16 (1): 31. DOI: 10.1186/s13000-021-01092-5. PMID: 33849598; PMCID: PMC 8042835.Gualtieri P, Falcone C, Romano L, Macheda S, Correale P, Arciello P, Polimeni N, Lorenzo A. Body Composition Findings by Computed Tomography in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: Increased Risk of Muscle Wasting in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30; 21 (13): 4670. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134670. PMID: 32630032; PMCID: PMC 7370146.Gualtieri P, Falcone C, Romano L, Macheda S, Correale P, Arciello P, Polimeni N, Lorenzo A. Body Composition Findings by Computed Tomography in SARS-CoV-2 Patients: Increased Risk of Muscle Wasting in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 30; 21 (13): 4670. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134670. PMID: 32630032; PMCID: PMC 7370146.Fishbane S, Hirsch JS. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Treatment in Patients With COVID-19. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Sep; 76 (3): 303-305. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.002. Epub 2020 May 29. PMID: 32479920; PMCID: PMC 7256552.Fishbane S, Hirsch JS. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agent Treatment in Patients With COVID-19. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020 Sep; 76 (3): 303-305. DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.05.002. Epub 2020 May 29. PMID: 32479920; PMCID: PMC 7256552.Bellmann-Weiler R, Lanser L, Barket R, Rangger L, Schapfl A, Schaber M, Fritsche G, Woll E, Weiss G. Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregu-lated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 29; 9 (8): 2429. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082429. PMID: 32751400; PMCID: PMC 7464087.Bellmann-Weiler R, Lanser L, Barket R, Rangger L, Schapfl A, Schaber M, Fritsche G, Woll E, Weiss G. Prevalence and Predictive Value of Anemia and Dysregu-lated Iron Homeostasis in Patients with COVID-19 Infection. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 29; 9 (8): 2429. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082429. PMID: 32751400; PMCID: PMC 7464087.Zhong H, Wang Y, Zhang ZL, Liu YX, Le KJ, Cui M, Yu YT, Gu ZC, Gao Y, Lin HW. Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19 - lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Jul; 157: 104872. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104872. Epub 2020 Apr 30. PMID: 32360583; PMCID: PMC 7192121.Zhong H, Wang Y, Zhang ZL, Liu YX, Le KJ, Cui M, Yu YT, Gu ZC, Gao Y, Lin HW. Efficacy and safety of current therapeutic options for COVID-19 - lessons to be learnt from SARS and MERS epidemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res. 2020 Jul; 157: 104872. DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104872. Epub 2020 Apr 30. PMID: 32360583; PMCID: PMC 7192121.Bedock D, Bel Lassen P, Mathian A, Moreau P, Couffignal J, Ciangura C, Poitou-Bernert C, Jeannin AC, Mosbah H, Fadlallah J, Amoura Z, Oppert JM, Faucher P. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020 Dec; 40: 214-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.018. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 33183539; PMCID: PMC 7500887.Bedock D, Bel Lassen P, Mathian A, Moreau P, Couffignal J, Ciangura C, Poitou-Bernert C, Jeannin AC, Mosbah H, Fadlallah J, Amoura Z, Oppert JM, Faucher P. Prevalence and severity of malnutrition in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020 Dec; 40: 214-219. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.018. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 33183539; PMCID: PMC 7500887.Li T, Zhang Y, Gong C, Wang J, Liu B, Shi L, Duan J. Prevalence of malnutrition and analysis of related factors in elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun; 74 (6): 871-875. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0642-3. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32322046; PMCID: PMC 7175450.Li T, Zhang Y, Gong C, Wang J, Liu B, Shi L, Duan J. Prevalence of malnutrition and analysis of related factors in elderly patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun; 74 (6): 871-875. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0642-3. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32322046; PMCID: PMC 7175450.Galmes S, Serra F, Palou A. Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients. 2020 Sep 8; 12 (9): 2738. DOI: 10.3390/nu12092738. PMID: 32911778; PMCID: PMC 7551697.Galmes S, Serra F, Palou A. Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework. Nutrients. 2020 Sep 8; 12 (9): 2738. DOI: 10.3390/nu12092738. PMID: 32911778; PMCID: PMC 7551697.Wang MX, Gwee SXW, Pang J. Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021 May 10; 13 (5): 1589. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051589. PMID: 34068656; PMCID: PMC 8151981.Wang MX, Gwee SXW, Pang J. Micronutrients Deficiency, Supplementation and Novel Coronavirus Infections-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021 May 10; 13 (5): 1589. DOI: 10.3390/nu13051589. PMID: 34068656; PMCID: PMC 8151981.Calder PC. Nutrition and immunity: lessons for COVID-19. Nutr Diabetes. 2021 Jun 23; 11 (1): 19. DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00165-0. PMID: 34168111; PMCID: PMC 8223524.Calder PC. Nutrition and immunity: lessons for COVID-19. Nutr Diabetes. 2021 Jun 23; 11 (1): 19. DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00165-0. PMID: 34168111; PMCID: PMC 8223524.Sassi F, Tamone C, D'Amelio P. Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients. 2018 Nov 3; 10 (11): 1656. DOI: 10.3390/nu10111656. PMID: 30400332; PMCID: PMC 6266123.Sassi F, Tamone C, D'Amelio P. Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients. 2018 Nov 3; 10 (11): 1656. DOI: 10.3390/nu10111656. PMID: 30400332; PMCID: PMC 6266123.Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2; 12 (4): 988. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988. PMID: 32252338; PMCID: PMC 7231123.Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, Bhattoa HP. Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 2; 12 (4): 988. DOI: 10.3390/nu12040988. PMID: 32252338; PMCID: PMC 7231123.Kumar R, Rathi H, Haq A, Wimalawansa SJ, Sharma A. Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and immunopathology associated with COVID-19. Virus Res. 2021 Jan 15; 292: 198235. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198235. Epub 2020 Nov 21. PMID: 33232783; PMCID: PMC 7680047.Kumar R, Rathi H, Haq A, Wimalawansa SJ, Sharma A. Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and immunopathology associated with COVID-19. Virus Res. 2021 Jan 15; 292: 198235. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198235. Epub 2020 Nov 21. PMID: 33232783; PMCID: PMC 7680047.Shatunova P. O., Bykov A. S., Svitich O. A., Zverev V. V. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Approaches to pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology = Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2020; 27 (4): 339-344. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372–9311–2020–97–4–6Shatunova P. O., Bykov A. S., Svitich O. A., Zverev V. V. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Approaches to pathogenetic therapy of COVID-19. Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology = Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii. 2020; 27 (4): 339-344. DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372–9311–2020–97–4–6Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Vitamin D and COVID-19: Role of ACE 2, age, gender, and ethnicity. J Med Virol. 2021 Sep; 93 (9): 5285-5294. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27075. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 33990955; PMCID: PMC 8242434.Getachew B, Tizabi Y. Vitamin D and COVID-19: Role of ACE 2, age, gender, and ethnicity. J Med Virol. 2021 Sep; 93 (9): 5285-5294. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27075. Epub 2021 May 19. PMID: 33990955; PMCID: PMC 8242434.Bertoldi G, Gianesello L, Calo LA. Letter: ACE2, Rho kinase inhibition and the potential role of vitamin D against COVID-19. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Aug; 52 (3): 577-578. DOI: 10.1111/apt.15895. PMID: 32656827; PMCID: PMC 7404523.Bertoldi G, Gianesello L, Calo LA. Letter: ACE2, Rho kinase inhibition and the potential role of vitamin D against COVID-19. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Aug; 52 (3): 577-578. DOI: 10.1111/apt.15895. PMID: 32656827; PMCID: PMC 7404523.Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Nov; 16 (5): 7432-7438. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546. Epub 2017 Sep 20. PMID: 28944831; PMCID: PMC 5865875.Xu J, Yang J, Chen J, Luo Q, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Vitamin D alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. Mol Med Rep. 2017 Nov; 16 (5): 7432-7438. DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7546. Epub 2017 Sep 20. PMID: 28944831; PMCID: PMC 5865875.Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Jul; 32 (7): 1195-1198. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32377965; PMCID: PMC 7202265.Ilie PC, Stefanescu S, Smith L. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Jul; 32 (7): 1195-1198. DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8. Epub 2020 May 6. PMID: 32377965; PMCID: PMC 7202265.De Smet D, De Smet K, Herroelen P, Gryspeerdt S, Martens GA. Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021 Feb 11; 155 (3): 381-388. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252. PMID: 33236114; PMCID: PMC 7717135.De Smet D, De Smet K, Herroelen P, Gryspeerdt S, Martens GA. Serum 25(OH)D Level on Hospital Admission Associated With COVID-19 Stage and Mortality. Am J Clin Pathol. 2021 Feb 11; 155 (3): 381-388. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa252. PMID: 33236114; PMCID: PMC 7717135.Rawat D, Roy A, Maitra S, Shankar V, Khanna P, Baidya DK. «Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis». Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jun 28; 15 (4): 102189. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102189. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34217144; PMCID: PMC 8236412.Rawat D, Roy A, Maitra S, Shankar V, Khanna P, Baidya DK. «Vitamin D supplementation and COVID-19 treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis». Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jun 28; 15 (4): 102189. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102189. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34217144; PMCID: PMC 8236412.Shah K, Saxena D, Mavalankar D. Vitamin D supplementation, COVID-19 and disease severity: a meta-analysis. QJM. 2021 May 19; 114 (3): 175-181. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab009. PMID: 33486522; PMCID: PMC 7928587.Shah K, Saxena D, Mavalankar D. Vitamin D supplementation, COVID-19 and disease severity: a meta-analysis. QJM. 2021 May 19; 114 (3): 175-181. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcab009. PMID: 33486522; PMCID: PMC 7928587.Pal R, Banerjee M, Bhadada SK, Shetty AJ, Singh B, Vyas A. Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Jun 24: 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01614-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34165766; PMCID: PMC 8223190.Pal R, Banerjee M, Bhadada SK, Shetty AJ, Singh B, Vyas A. Vitamin D supplementation and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021 Jun 24: 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01614-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34165766; PMCID: PMC 8223190.Cangiano B, Fatti LM, Danesi L, Gazzano G, Croci M, Vitale G, Gilardini L, Bonadonna S, Chiodini I, Caparello CF, Conti A, Persani L, Stramba-Badiale M, Bonomi M. Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Dec 22; 12 (24): 24522-24534. DOI: 10.18632/aging.202307. Epub 2020 Dec 22. PMID: 33353888; PMCID: PMC 7803543.Cangiano B, Fatti LM, Danesi L, Gazzano G, Croci M, Vitale G, Gilardini L, Bonadonna S, Chiodini I, Caparello CF, Conti A, Persani L, Stramba-Badiale M, Bonomi M. Mortality in an Italian nursing home during COVID-19 pandemic: correlation with gender, age, ADL, vitamin D supplementation, and limitations of the diagnostic tests. Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Dec 22; 12 (24): 24522-24534. DOI: 10.18632/aging.202307. Epub 2020 Dec 22. PMID: 33353888; PMCID: PMC 7803543.Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, Neuwersch-Sommeregger S, Kostenberger M, Tmava Berisha A, Martucci G, Pilz S, Malle O. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Nov; 74 (11): 1498-1513. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y. Epub 2020 Jan 20. PMID: 31959942; PMCID: PMC 7091696.Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, Neuwersch-Sommeregger S, Kostenberger M, Tmava Berisha A, Martucci G, Pilz S, Malle O. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Nov; 74 (11): 1498-1513. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y. Epub 2020 Jan 20. PMID: 31959942; PMCID: PMC 7091696.Hadizadeh F. Supplementation with vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic? Nutr Rev. 2021 Jan 9; 79 (2): 200-208. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa081. PMID: 32679589; PMCID: PMC 7454793.Hadizadeh F. Supplementation with vitamin D in the COVID-19 pandemic? Nutr Rev. 2021 Jan 9; 79 (2): 200-208. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa081. PMID: 32679589; PMCID: PMC 7454793.Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018 Sep 6; 7 (9): 258. DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090258. PMID: 30200565; PMCID: PMC 6162863.Huang Z, Liu Y, Qi G, Brand D, Zheng SG. Role of Vitamin A in the Immune System. J Clin Med. 2018 Sep 6; 7 (9): 258. DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090258. PMID: 30200565; PMCID: PMC 6162863.Semba RD. Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug; 58 (3): 719-27. DOI: 10.1017/s0029665199000944. PMID: 10604208.Semba RD. Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 Aug; 58 (3): 719-27. DOI: 10.1017/s0029665199000944. PMID: 10604208.Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct; 98 Suppl 1: S 29-35. DOI: 10.1017/S 0007114507832971. PMID: 17922955.Maggini S, Wintergerst ES, Beveridge S, Hornig DH. Selected vitamins and trace elements support immune function by strengthening epithelial barriers and cellular and humoral immune responses. Br J Nutr. 2007 Oct; 98 Suppl 1: S 29-35. DOI: 10.1017/S 0007114507832971. PMID: 17922955.Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep; 3 (9): e343. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343. PMID: 16968120; PMCID: PMC 1564166.Stockman LJ, Bellamy R, Garner P. SARS: systematic review of treatment effects. PLoS Med. 2006 Sep; 3 (9): e343. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030343. PMID: 16968120; PMCID: PMC 1564166.Trasino SE. A role for retinoids in the treatment of COVID-19? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020 Oct; 47 (10): 1765-1767. DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13354. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PMID: 32459003.Trasino SE. A role for retinoids in the treatment of COVID-19? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020 Oct; 47 (10): 1765-1767. DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13354. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PMID: 32459003.Chen KH, Wang SF, Wang SY, Yang YP, Wang ML, Chiou SH, Chang YL. Pharmacological development of the potential adjuvant therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease 2019. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020 Sep; 83 (9): 817-821. DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000375. PMID: 32568969; PMCID: PMC 7434021.Chen KH, Wang SF, Wang SY, Yang YP, Wang ML, Chiou SH, Chang YL. Pharmacological development of the potential adjuvant therapeutic agents against coronavirus disease 2019. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020 Sep; 83 (9): 817-821. DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000375. PMID: 32568969; PMCID: PMC 7434021.Toti E, Chen CO, Palmery M, Villano Valencia D, Peluso I. Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 May 9; 2018: 4637861. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4637861. PMID: 29861829; PMCID: PMC 5971251.Toti E, Chen CO, Palmery M, Villano Valencia D, Peluso I. Non-Provitamin A and Provitamin A Carotenoids as Immunomodulators: Recommended Dietary Allowance, Therapeutic Index, or Personalized Nutrition? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 May 9; 2018: 4637861. DOI: 10.1155/2018/4637861. PMID: 29861829; PMCID: PMC 5971251.Chew BP. Role of carotenoids in the immune response. J Dairy Sci. 1993 Sep; 76 (9): 2804-11. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77619-5. PMID: 8227684.Chew BP. Role of carotenoids in the immune response. J Dairy Sci. 1993 Sep; 76 (9): 2804-11. DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77619-5. PMID: 8227684.Kantoch M, Litwinska B, Szkoda M, Siennicka J. Znaczenie niedoboru witaminy A dla patologii i immunologii zakazen wirusowych [Importance of vitamin A deficiency in pathology and immunology of viral infections]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2002; 53 (4): 385-92. Polish. PMID: 12664666.Kantoch M, Litwinska B, Szkoda M, Siennicka J. Znaczenie niedoboru witaminy A dla patologii i immunologii zakazen wirusowych [Importance of vitamin A deficiency in pathology and immunology of viral infections]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2002; 53 (4): 385-92. Polish. PMID: 12664666.Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 11; 3 (3): CD 008524. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3. PMID: 28282701; PMCID: PMC 6464706.Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Mar 11; 3 (3): CD 008524. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3. PMID: 28282701; PMCID: PMC 6464706.ВОЗ. Руководство: Добавление витамина А для младенцев и детей в возрасте 6-59 месяцев. Женева, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, 2011 год.WHO. Guideline: Vitamin A supplementation for infants and children 6-59 months of age. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011.Benn CS. Combining vitamin A and vaccines: convenience or conflict? Dan Med J. 2012 Jan; 59 (1): B 4378. PMID: 22239846.Benn CS. Combining vitamin A and vaccines: convenience or conflict? Dan Med J. 2012 Jan; 59 (1): B 4378. PMID: 22239846.Ahmad SM, с соавт. Vitamin A Supplementation during Pregnancy Enhances Pandemic H1N 1 Vaccine Response in Mothers, but Enhancement of Transplacental Antibody Transfer May Depend on When Mothers Are Vaccinated during Pregnancy. J Nutr. 2018 Dec 1; 148 (12): 1968-1975.Ahmad SM, с соавт. Vitamin A Supplementation during Pregnancy Enhances Pandemic H1N 1 Vaccine Response in Mothers, but Enhancement of Transplacental Antibody Transfer May Depend on When Mothers Are Vaccinated during Pregnancy. J Nutr. 2018 Dec 1; 148 (12): 1968-1975.Garcia OP. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the immune response in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012 May; 71 (2): 290-7. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665112000079. Epub 2012 Feb 28. PMID: 22369848.Garcia OP. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the immune response in obesity. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012 May; 71 (2): 290-7. DOI: 10.1017/S0029665112000079. Epub 2012 Feb 28. PMID: 22369848.Linus Pauling Institute. Micronutrient Information Center. Vitamin A. https://lpi. oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-ALinus Pauling Institute. Micronutrient Information Center. Vitamin A. https://lpi. oregonstate.edu/mic/vitamins/vitamin-AHemila H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 22; 2 (4): 332. DOI: 10.3390/nu9040339. PMID: 28353648; PMCID: PMC 5409678.Hemila H. Vitamin C and Infections. Nutrients. 2017 Mar 22; 2 (4): 332. DOI: 10.3390/nu9040339. PMID: 28353648; PMCID: PMC 5409678.Abobaker A, Alzwi A, Alraied AHA. Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-12. Pharmacol Rep. 2020 Dec; 72 (6): 1517-1528. DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PMID: 33113146; PMCID: PMC 7522143.Abobaker A, Alzwi A, Alraied AHA. Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-12. Pharmacol Rep. 2020 Dec; 72 (6): 1517-1528. DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00176-1. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PMID: 33113146; PMCID: PMC 7522143.Holford P, Carr AC, Jovic TH, Ali SR, Whitaker IS, Marik PE, Smith AD. Vitamin C-An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-12. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 7; 12 (12): 3760. DOI: 10.3320/nu12123760. PMID: 33227421; PMCID: PMC 7762433.Holford P, Carr AC, Jovic TH, Ali SR, Whitaker IS, Marik PE, Smith AD. Vitamin C-An Adjunctive Therapy for Respiratory Infection, Sepsis and COVID-12. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 7; 12 (12): 3760. DOI: 10.3320/nu12123760. PMID: 33227421; PMCID: PMC 7762433.Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31; 2013 (1): CD 000280. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD 000280.pub4. PMID: 23440782; PMCID: PMC 8078152.Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31; 2013 (1): CD 000280. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD 000280.pub4. PMID: 23440782; PMCID: PMC 8078152.Carr AC. Vitamin C administration in the critically ill: a summary of recent meta-analyses. Crit Care. 2012 Jul 30; 23 (1): 265. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-012-2538-y. PMID: 31362775; PMCID: PMC 6664573.Carr AC. Vitamin C administration in the critically ill: a summary of recent meta-analyses. Crit Care. 2012 Jul 30; 23 (1): 265. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-012-2538-y. PMID: 31362775; PMCID: PMC 6664573.Simonson W. Vitamin C and coronavirus. Geriatr Nurs. 2020 May-Jun; 41 (3): 331-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32432200; PMCID: PMC 7205675.Simonson W. Vitamin C and coronavirus. Geriatr Nurs. 2020 May-Jun; 41 (3): 331-332. DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2020.05.002. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32432200; PMCID: PMC 7205675.Hiedra R, Lo KB, Elbashabsheh M, Gul F, Wright RM, Albano J, Azmaiparashvili Z, Patarroyo Aponte G. The use of IV vitamin C for patients with COVID-12: a case series. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020 Dec; 18 (12): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1724812. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 32662620; PMCID: PMC 7441728.Hiedra R, Lo KB, Elbashabsheh M, Gul F, Wright RM, Albano J, Azmaiparashvili Z, Patarroyo Aponte G. The use of IV vitamin C for patients with COVID-12: a case series. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020 Dec; 18 (12): 1252-1261. DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1724812. Epub 2020 Aug 1. PMID: 32662620; PMCID: PMC 7441728.Zhao B, Liu M, Liu P, Peng Y, Huang J, Li M, Wang Y, Xu L, Sun S, Qi X, Ling Y, Li J, Zhang W, Mao E, Qu J. High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C for Preventing The Disease Aggravation of Moderate COVID-12 Pneumonia. A Retrospective Propensity Matched Before-After Study. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 22; 12: 638556. DOI: 10.3382/fphar.2021.638556. PMID: 33267773; PMCID: PMC 8100522.Zhao B, Liu M, Liu P, Peng Y, Huang J, Li M, Wang Y, Xu L, Sun S, Qi X, Ling Y, Li J, Zhang W, Mao E, Qu J. High Dose Intravenous Vitamin C for Preventing The Disease Aggravation of Moderate COVID-12 Pneumonia. A Retrospective Propensity Matched Before-After Study. Front Pharmacol. 2021 Apr 22; 12: 638556. DOI: 10.3382/fphar.2021.638556. PMID: 33267773; PMCID: PMC 8100522.ClinicalTrials.gov is a database. Vitamin C and COVID-12. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=vitamin+C&cond=Covid12&Search=Apply&age_v=&gn-dr=&type=&rslt=ClinicalTrials.gov is a database. Vitamin C and COVID-12. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=vitamin+C&cond=Covid12&Search=Apply&age_v=&gn-dr=&type=&rslt=Vollbracht C, Kraft K. Feasibility of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Post Viral Fatigue with Focus on Long COVID, Based on a Systematic Review of IV Vitamin C on Fatigue. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 31; 13 (4): 1154. DOI: 10.3320/nu13041154. PMID: 33807280; PMCID: PMC 8066526.Vollbracht C, Kraft K. Feasibility of Vitamin C in the Treatment of Post Viral Fatigue with Focus on Long COVID, Based on a Systematic Review of IV Vitamin C on Fatigue. Nutrients. 2021 Mar 31; 13 (4): 1154. DOI: 10.3320/nu13041154. PMID: 33807280; PMCID: PMC 8066526.Saeed F., Nadeem M., Ahmed R. S., Tahir Nadeem M., Arshad M. S., Ullah A. Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds - A review. Food Agnc. Immunol. 2016; 27: 205-222.Saeed F., Nadeem M., Ahmed R. S., Tahir Nadeem M., Arshad M. S., Ullah A. Studying the impact of nutritional immunology underlying the modulation of immune responses by nutritional compounds - A review. Food Agnc. Immunol. 2016; 27: 205-222.Troen A. M., Mitchell B., Sorensen B., Wener M. H., Johnston A., Wood B., Selhub J., McTiernan A., Yasui Y., Oral E., et al. Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 2006; 136: 182-124.Troen A. M., Mitchell B., Sorensen B., Wener M. H., Johnston A., Wood B., Selhub J., McTiernan A., Yasui Y., Oral E., et al. Unmetabolized folic acid in plasma is associated with reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity among postmenopausal women. J. Nutr. 2006; 136: 182-124.Sheybani Z., Dokoohaki M. H., Negahdaripour M., Dehdashti M., Zolghadr H., Mogh-adami M., Masoom Masoompour S., Zolghadr A. R. The Role of Folic Acid in the Management of Respiratory Disease Caused by COVID-12. ChemRxiv. 2020: 12034280.Sheybani Z., Dokoohaki M. H., Negahdaripour M., Dehdashti M., Zolghadr H., Mogh-adami M., Masoom Masoompour S., Zolghadr A. R. The Role of Folic Acid in the Management of Respiratory Disease Caused by COVID-12. ChemRxiv. 2020: 12034280.Ponti G, Roli L, Oliva G, Manfredini M, Trenti T, Kaleci S, Iannella R, Balzano B, Coppola A, Fiorentino G, Ozben T, Paoli VD, Debbia D, De Santis E, Pecoraro V, Melegari A, Sansone MR, Lugara M, Tomasi A. Homocysteine (Hcy) assessment to predict outcomes of hospitalized Covid-12 patients: a multicenter study on 313 Covid-12 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021 Mar 25. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0168. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33768762.Ponti G, Roli L, Oliva G, Manfredini M, Trenti T, Kaleci S, Iannella R, Balzano B, Coppola A, Fiorentino G, Ozben T, Paoli VD, Debbia D, De Santis E, Pecoraro V, Melegari A, Sansone MR, Lugara M, Tomasi A. Homocysteine (Hcy) assessment to predict outcomes of hospitalized Covid-12 patients: a multicenter study on 313 Covid-12 patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2021 Mar 25. DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0168. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33768762.Maggini S. Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections. CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour. 2008; 3.Maggini S. Feeding the immune system: The role of micronutrients in restoring resistance to infections. CAB Rev. Perspect. Agric. Vet. Sci. Nutr. Nat. Resour. 2008; 3.Axelrod A. E. Diet and Resistance to Disease. Springer; Boston, MA, USA: 1281. Role of the B vitamins in the immune response; pp. 23-106.Axelrod A. E. Diet and Resistance to Disease. Springer; Boston, MA, USA: 1281. Role of the B vitamins in the immune response; pp. 23-106.Wishart K. Increased micronutrient requirements during physiologically demanding situations: Review of the current evidence. Vitam. Miner. 2017; 6: 1-16.Wishart K. Increased micronutrient requirements during physiologically demanding situations: Review of the current evidence. Vitam. Miner. 2017; 6: 1-16.Kandeel M, Al-Nazawi M. Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-12 main protease. Life Sci. 2020 Jun 15; 251: 117627. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PMID: 32251634; PMCID: PMC 7124560.Kandeel M, Al-Nazawi M. Virtual screening and repurposing of FDA approved drugs against COVID-12 main protease. Life Sci. 2020 Jun 15; 251: 117627. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117627. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PMID: 32251634; PMCID: PMC 7124560.Citarella A, Scala A, Piperno A, Micale N. SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: A Potential Target for Peptidomimetics and Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Biomolecules. 2021 Apr 12; 11 (4): 607. DOI: 10.3320/biom11040607. PMID: 33221886; PMCID: PMC 8073203.Citarella A, Scala A, Piperno A, Micale N. SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: A Potential Target for Peptidomimetics and Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Biomolecules. 2021 Apr 12; 11 (4): 607. DOI: 10.3320/biom11040607. PMID: 33221886; PMCID: PMC 8073203.Hilgenfeld R. From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. FEBS J. 2014 Sep; 281 (18): 4085-26. DOI: 10.1111/febs.12236. Epub 2014 Aug 11. PMID: 25032866; PMCID: PMC 7163226.Hilgenfeld R. From SARS to MERS: crystallographic studies on coronaviral proteases enable antiviral drug design. FEBS J. 2014 Sep; 281 (18): 4085-26. DOI: 10.1111/febs.12236. Epub 2014 Aug 11. PMID: 25032866; PMCID: PMC 7163226.Singh Y, Gupta G, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Negi P, Chellappan DK, Dua K. SARS CoV-2 aggravates cellular metabolism mediated complications in COVID-12 infection. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Nov; 33 (6): e13871. DOI: 10.1111/dth.13871. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PMID: 32558055; PMCID: PMC 7323108.Singh Y, Gupta G, Kazmi I, Al-Abbasi FA, Negi P, Chellappan DK, Dua K. SARS CoV-2 aggravates cellular metabolism mediated complications in COVID-12 infection. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Nov; 33 (6): e13871. DOI: 10.1111/dth.13871. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PMID: 32558055; PMCID: PMC 7323108.Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2008 Jan-Feb; 56 (1): 15-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0003-8. Epub 2008 Feb 5. PMID: 18250273; PMCID: PMC 7072742.Overbeck S, Rink L, Haase H. Modulating the immune response by oral zinc supplementation: a single approach for multiple diseases. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2008 Jan-Feb; 56 (1): 15-30. DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0003-8. Epub 2008 Feb 5. PMID: 18250273; PMCID: PMC 7072742.Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, Muthumohan R, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Kumar CT, Surjit M. Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. J Virol. 2017 Oct 13; 91 (21): e00754-17. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00754-17. PMID: 28814517; PMCID: PMC 5640865.Kaushik N, Subramani C, Anang S, Muthumohan R, Shalimar, Nayak B, Ranjith-Ku-mar CT, Surjit M. Zinc Salts Block Hepatitis E Virus Replication by Inhibiting the Activity of Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. J Virol. 2017 Oct 13; 91 (21): e00754-17. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00754-17. PMID: 28814517; PMCID: PMC 5640865.te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov 4; 6 (11): e1001176. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176. PMID: 21079686; PMCID: PMC 2973827.te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ. Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov 4; 6 (11): e1001176. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176. PMID: 21079686; PMCID: PMC 2973827.Ghaffari H, Tavakoli A, Moradi A, Tabarraei A, Bokharaei-Salim F, Zahmatkeshan M, Farahmand M, Javanmard D, Kiani SJ, Esghaei M, Pirhajati-Mahabadi V, Monavari SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A. Inhibition of H1N 1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine. J Biomed Sci. 2019 Sep 10; 26 (1): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0563-4. PMID: 31500628; PMCID: PMC 6734352.Ghaffari H, Tavakoli A, Moradi A, Tabarraei A, Bokharaei-Salim F, Zahmatkeshan M, Farahmand M, Javanmard D, Kiani SJ, Esghaei M, Pirhajati-Mahabadi V, Monavari SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A. Inhibition of H1N 1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine. J Biomed Sci. 2019 Sep 10; 26 (1): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0563-4. PMID: 31500628; PMCID: PMC 6734352.Johnson JK, Harris FL, Ping XD, Gauthier TW, Brown LAS. Role of zinc insufficiency in fetal alveolar macrophage dysfunction and RSV exacerbation associated with fetal ethanol exposure. Alcohol. 2019 Nov; 80: 5-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30580016; PMCID: PMC 6586529..Johnson JK, Harris FL, Ping XD, Gauthier TW, Brown LAS. Role of zinc insufficiency in fetal alveolar macrophage dysfunction and RSV exacerbation associated with fetal ethanol exposure. Alcohol. 2019 Nov; 80: 5-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Dec 21. PMID: 30580016; PMCID: PMC 6586529..Hemila H. Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage. JRSM Open. 2017 May 2; 8 (5): 2054270417694291. DOI: 10.1177/2054270417694291. PMID: 28515951; PMCID: PMC 5418896.Hemila H. Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage. JRSM Open. 2017 May 2; 8 (5): 2054270417694291. DOI: 10.1177/2054270417694291. PMID: 28515951; PMCID: PMC 5418896.Wang L, Song Y. Efficacy of zinc given as an adjunct to the treatment of severe pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trials. Clin Respir J. 2018 Mar; 12 (3): 857-864. DOI: 10.1111/crj.12646. Epub 2017 May 31. PMID: 28488366.Wang L, Song Y. Efficacy of zinc given as an adjunct to the treatment of severe pneumonia: A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trials. Clin Respir J. 2018 Mar; 12 (3): 857-864. DOI: 10.1111/crj.12646. Epub 2017 May 31. PMID: 28488366.Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar; 85 (3): 837-44. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837. PMID: 17344507.Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, Fitzgerald JT, Snell DC, Steinberg JD, Cardozo LJ. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar; 85 (3): 837-44. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.837. PMID: 17344507.Asl SH, Nikfarjam S, Majidi Zolbanin N, Nassiri R, Jafari R. Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jul; 96:107630. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107630. Epub 2021 Apr 1. PMID: 33882442; PMCID: PMC 8015651.Asl SH, Nikfarjam S, Majidi Zolbanin N, Nassiri R, Jafari R. Immunopharmacological perspective on zinc in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021 Jul; 96:107630. DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107630. Epub 2021 Apr 1. PMID: 33882442; PMCID: PMC 8015651.Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H, Clergeaud G, Quesada IM, Ortiz M, O'Sullivan CK, Fernandez-Larrea JB. Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocate-chin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Aug 13; 62 (32): 8085-93. DOI: 10.1021/jf5014633. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25050823.Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H, Clergeaud G, Quesada IM, Ortiz M, O'Sullivan CK, Fernandez-Larrea JB. Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocate-chin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Aug 13; 62 (32): 8085-93. DOI: 10.1021/jf5014633. Epub 2014 Jul 31. PMID: 25050823.Frontera JA, Rahimian JO, Yaghi S, Liu M, Lewis A, de Havenon A, Mainali S, Huang J, Scher E, Wisniewski T, Troxel AB, Meropol S, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Treatment with Zinc is Associated with Reduced In-Hospital Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2020 Oct 26: rs.3-rs.94509. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-94509/v1. PMID: 33140042; PMCID: PMC 7605567.Frontera JA, Rahimian JO, Yaghi S, Liu M, Lewis A, de Havenon A, Mainali S, Huang J, Scher E, Wisniewski T, Troxel AB, Meropol S, Balcer LJ, Galetta SL. Treatment with Zinc is Associated with Reduced In-Hospital Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Multi-Center Cohort Study. Res Sq [Preprint]. 2020 Oct 26: rs.3-rs.94509. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-94509/v1. PMID: 33140042; PMCID: PMC 7605567.ClinicalTrials.gov is a database. Zinc and COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=zinc&cond=Covid19&Search=Apply&recrs=b&recrs=a&recrs=f&recrs=d&age_v=&gndr=&type=&rslt=ClinicalTrials.gov is a database. Zinc and COVID-19. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=zinc&cond=Covid19&Search=Apply&recrs=b&recrs=a&recrs=f&recrs=d&age_v=&gndr=&type=&rslt=Agoro R, Taleb M, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. Cell iron status influences macrophage polarization. PLoS One. 2018 May 17; 13 (5): e0196921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196921. PMID: 29771935; PMCID: PMC 5957380.Agoro R, Taleb M, Quesniaux VFJ, Mura C. Cell iron status influences macrophage polarization. PLoS One. 2018 May 17; 13 (5): e0196921. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196921. PMID: 29771935; PMCID: PMC 5957380.Zhao K, Huang J, Dai D, Feng Y, Liu L, Nie S. Serum Iron Level as a Potential Predictor of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Mortality: A Retrospective Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 21; 7 (7): ofaa250. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa250. PMID: 32661499; PMCID: PMC 7337740.Zhao K, Huang J, Dai D, Feng Y, Liu L, Nie S. Serum Iron Level as a Potential Predictor of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity and Mortality: A Retrospective Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 21; 7 (7): ofaa250. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa250. PMID: 32661499; PMCID: PMC 7337740.Ahmed S, Ansar Ahmed Z, Siddiqui I, Haroon Rashid N, Mansoor M, Jafri L. Evaluation of serum ferritin for prediction of severity and mortality in COVID-19. A cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Mar; 63: 102163. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.02.009. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PMID: 33614024; PMCID: PMC 7879065.Ahmed S, Ansar Ahmed Z, Siddiqui I, Haroon Rashid N, Mansoor M, Jafri L. Evaluation of serum ferritin for prediction of severity and mortality in COVID-19. A cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Mar; 63: 102163. DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.02.009. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PMID: 33614024; PMCID: PMC 7879065.Augustine LF, Mullapudi V, Subramanian S, Kulkarni B. Infection-iron interaction during COVID-19 pandemic: Time to re-design iron supplementation programs. Med Hypotheses. 2020 Oct; 143: 110173. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110173. Epub 2020 Aug 10. PMID: 33017907; PMCID: PMC 7416685.Augustine LF, Mullapudi V, Subramanian S, Kulkarni B. Infection-iron interaction during COVID-19 pandemic: Time to re-design iron supplementation programs. Med Hypotheses. 2020 Oct; 143: 110173. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110173. Epub 2020 Aug 10. PMID: 33017907; PMCID: PMC 7416685.Perricone C, Bartoloni E, Bursi R, Cafaro G, Guidelli GM, Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R. COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy. Immunol Res. 2020 Aug; 68 (4): 213-224. DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09145-5. PMID: 32681497; PMCID: PMC 7366458.Perricone C, Bartoloni E, Bursi R, Cafaro G, Guidelli GM, Shoenfeld Y, Gerli R. COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion therapy. Immunol Res. 2020 Aug; 68 (4): 213-224. DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09145-5. PMID: 32681497; PMCID: PMC 7366458.Abobaker A. Can iron chelation as an adjunct treatment of COVID-19 improve the clinical outcome? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov; 76 (11): 1619-1620. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02942-9. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PMID: 32607779; PMCID: PMC 7325475.Abobaker A. Can iron chelation as an adjunct treatment of COVID-19 improve the clinical outcome? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Nov; 76 (11): 1619-1620. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02942-9. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PMID: 32607779; PMCID: PMC 7325475.Dalamaga M, Karampela I, Mantzoros CS. Commentary: Could iron chelators prove to be useful as an adjunct to COVID-19 Treatment Regimens? Metabolism. 2020 Jul; 108: 154260. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154260. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32418885; PMCID: PMC 7207125.Dalamaga M, Karampela I, Mantzoros CS. Commentary: Could iron chelators prove to be useful as an adjunct to COVID-19 Treatment Regimens? Metabolism. 2020 Jul; 108: 154260. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154260. Epub 2020 May 8. PMID: 32418885; PMCID: PMC 7207125.Garrick MD, Ghio AJ. Iron chelation may harm patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Feb; 77 (2): 265-266. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02987-w. Epub 2020 Sep 1. Erratum in: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Aug; 77 (8): 1255. PMID: 32870379; PMCID: PMC 7459091.Garrick MD, Ghio AJ. Iron chelation may harm patients with COVID-19. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Feb; 77 (2): 265-266. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-02987-w. Epub 2020 Sep 1. Erratum in: Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Aug; 77 (8): 1255. PMID: 32870379; PMCID: PMC 7459091.Besold AN, Culbertson EM, Culotta VC. The Yin and Yang of copper during infection. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2016 Apr; 21 (2): 137-44. DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1335-1. Epub 2016 Jan 20. PMID: 26790881; PMCID: PMC 5535265.Besold AN, Culbertson EM, Culotta VC. The Yin and Yang of copper during infection. J Biol Inorg Chem. 2016 Apr; 21 (2): 137-44. DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1335-1. Epub 2016 Jan 20. PMID: 26790881; PMCID: PMC 5535265.Raha S, Mallick R, Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Is copper beneficial for COVID-19 patients? Med Hypotheses. 2020 Sep; 142: 109814. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109814. Epub 2020 May 5. PMID: 32388476; PMCID: PMC 7199671.Raha S, Mallick R, Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Is copper beneficial for COVID-19 patients? Med Hypotheses. 2020 Sep; 142: 109814. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109814. Epub 2020 May 5. PMID: 32388476; PMCID: PMC 7199671.Baez-Santos YM, St John SE, Mesecar AD. The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar; 115: 21-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015. Epub 2014 Dec 29. PMID: 25554382; PMCID: PMC 5896749.Baez-Santos YM, St John SE, Mesecar AD. The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res. 2015 Mar; 115: 21-38. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015. Epub 2014 Dec 29. PMID: 25554382; PMCID: PMC 5896749.Percival SS. Copper and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May; 67 (5 Suppl): 1064S-1068S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.1064S. PMID: 9587153.Percival SS. Copper and immunity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 May; 67 (5 Suppl): 1064S-1068S. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.1064S. PMID: 9587153.Hackler J, Heller RA, Sun Q, Schwarzer M, Diegmann J, Bachmann M, Moghadd-am A, Schomburg L. Relation of Serum Copper Status to Survival in COVID-19. Nutrients. 2021 May 31; 13 (6): 1898. DOI: 10.3390/nu13061898. PMID: 34072977; PMCID: PMC 8229409.Hackler J, Heller RA, Sun Q, Schwarzer M, Diegmann J, Bachmann M, Moghadd-am A, Schomburg L. Relation of Serum Copper Status to Survival in COVID-19. Nutrients. 2021 May 31; 13 (6): 1898. DOI: 10.3390/nu13061898. PMID: 34072977; PMCID: PMC 8229409.Andreou A, Trantza S, Filippou D, Sipsas N, Tsiodras S. COVID-19: The Potential Role of Copper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Combination of Candidate Antiviral Treatments Against SARS-CoV-2. In Vivo. 2020 Jun; 34 (3 Suppl): 1567-1588. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11946. PMID: 32503814.Andreou A, Trantza S, Filippou D, Sipsas N, Tsiodras S. COVID-19: The Potential Role of Copper and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in a Combination of Candidate Antiviral Treatments Against SARS-CoV-2. In Vivo. 2020 Jun; 34 (3 Suppl): 1567-1588. DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11946. PMID: 32503814.Beck M. A. Selenium as an antiviral agent. In: Hatfield D. L., editor. Selenium. Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrect, The Netherlands: 2001. pp. 235-245.Beck M. A. Selenium as an antiviral agent. In: Hatfield D. L., editor. Selenium. Its Molecular Biology and Role in Human Health. Kluwer Academic Publishers; Dordrect, The Netherlands: 2001. pp. 235-245.Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 4; 11 (9): 2101. DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101. PMID: 31487871; PMCID: PMC 6769590.Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, Selenoproteins and Viral Infection. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 4; 11 (9): 2101. DOI: 10.3390/nu11092101. PMID: 31487871; PMCID: PMC 6769590.Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv Nutr. 2015 Jan 15; 6 (1): 73-82. DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007575. PMID: 25593145; PMCID: PMC 4288282.Steinbrenner H, Al-Quraishy S, Dkhil MA, Wunderlich F, Sies H. Dietary selenium in adjuvant therapy of viral and bacterial infections. Adv Nutr. 2015 Jan 15; 6 (1): 73-82. DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007575. PMID: 25593145; PMCID: PMC 4288282.Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Nov; 52 (11): 1273-80. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700330. PMID: 18384097; PMCID: PMC 3723386.Hoffmann PR, Berry MJ. The influence of selenium on immune responses. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2008 Nov; 52 (11): 1273-80. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700330. PMID: 18384097; PMCID: PMC 3723386.Seale LA, Torres DJ, Berry MJ, Pitts MW. A role for selenium-dependent GPX1 in SARS-CoV-2 virulence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Aug 1; 112 (2): 447-448. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa177. PMID: 32592394; PMCID: PMC 7337667.Seale LA, Torres DJ, Berry MJ, Pitts MW. A role for selenium-dependent GPX1 in SARS-CoV-2 virulence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Aug 1; 112 (2): 447-448. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa177. PMID: 32592394; PMCID: PMC 7337667.Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun 1; 111 (6): 1297-1299. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095. PMID: 32342979; PMCID: PMC 7197590.Zhang J, Taylor EW, Bennett K, Saad R, Rayman MP. Association between regional selenium status and reported outcome of COVID-19 cases in China. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jun 1; 111 (6): 1297-1299. DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa095. PMID: 32342979; PMCID: PMC 7197590.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.