<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2021-3-34-42</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-1931</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НЕВРОЛОГИЯ И ПСИХИАТРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неврологические проявления воспалительных заболеваний кишечника</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Neurological presentations of inflammatory bowel diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-6634</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульпекова</surname><given-names>Ю. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulpekova</surname><given-names>Yu. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шульпекова Юлия Олеговна, к.м.н., доцент кафедры</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аблаев</surname><given-names>В. У.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ablaev</surname><given-names>V. U.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аблаев Вели Усейнович, клинический ординатор кафедры нервных болезней и нейрохирургии</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-5537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дамулин</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Damulin</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дамулин Игорь Владимирович, д.м.н., проф., вед.н.с.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии Института клинической&#13;
медицины имени Н.В. Склифосовского ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Clinical Medicine n.a. N.V. Sklifosovsky of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра нервных болезней и нейрохирургии Медицинского института ФГАОУ ВО «Российский университет дружбы народов»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский научно-исследовательский институт психиатрии – филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский&#13;
исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии имени В.П. Сербского» Минздрава России; ГБУЗ «Центр патологии речи и нейрореабилитации Департамента здравоохранения Москвы»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry – a branch of National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Addiction Psychiatry n.a. V.P. Serbsky; Centre for Speech Pathology and Neurorehabilitation of Moscow Department of Health</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Неврология и психиатрия (1)</issue-title><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шульпекова Ю.О., Аблаев В.У., Дамулин И.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шульпекова Ю.О., Аблаев В.У., Дамулин И.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shulpekova Y.O., Ablaev V.U., Damulin I.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1931">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1931</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель обзора</title><p>Цель обзора. Охарактеризовать основные типы поражения нервной системы при воспалительных заболеваниях кишечника – болезни Крона и язвенном колите.</p></sec><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения. Неврологические синдромы составляют важную часть внекишечных проявлений воспалительных заболеваний кишечника (ВЗК). По данным литературы, частота выявления неврологических и психиатрических синдромов варьирует от 0,25 до 47,50% (по-видимому, в зависимости от критериев отбора пациентов в исследования), они не всегда связаны с активностью кишечного воспаления и могут предшествовать манифестации ВЗК. К наиболее типичным относятся: церебральные тромбоэмболии, периферические и краниальные невропатии, демиелинизирующие расстройства, церебральный васкулит. Частота ишемического инсульта может достигать 6,4%; каждый пятый пациент моложе 17 лет. Преобладающим неврологическим синдромом выступает гемипарез. Риск тромбоза венозных сплетений и синусов головного мозга также высок, зависит от активности воспаления и может регистрироваться еще до момента диагностики ВЗК. В метаанализе показано, что риск развития рассеянного склероза при ВЗК повышен примерно на 50%. При ВЗК описаны поражения периферической нервной системы по типу мононевропатии, плексопатии, множественной мононевропатии, компрессионной невропатии, полиневропатии икраниальной невропатии. При целенаправленном обследовании поражение периферической нервной системы регистрируется у 32–37% пациентов с ВЗК и включает в примерно равных пропорциях демиелинизирующие формы полиневропатии, сенсорную аксональную полиневропатию с поражением тонких и толстых волокон и моторную аксональную полиневропатию. При проведении дифференциальной диагностики необходимо исключить дефицит витамина В12 ифолиевой кислоты, алкогольную, диабетическую и лекарственно индуцированную полиневропатию. При ВЗК описаны случаи развития краниальной невропатии с наиболее частым вовлечением II, VI, VII, VIII пар черепных нервов. Весьма актуальным остается вопрос о лекарственно индуцированных поражениях нервной системы у данной категории больных при применении метронидазола, сульфасалазина, циклоспорина А, антител к ФНО-α и интегринам α4 и α4ß7.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Неврологические проявления при ВЗК разнообразны и составляют важную часть внекишечных проявлений. Неярко выраженные психоневрологические нарушения могут оставаться не вовремя распознанными. Бóльшая часть симптомов регрессирует нафоне лечения основного заболевания и коррекции дефицита нутриентов. Особенное внимание следует уделять контролю состояния нервной системы при применении средств биологической терапии, иммуносупрессоров, метронидазола.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>The aim</title><p>The aim. To characterize the main types of neurological manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases – Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.</p></sec><sec><title>Main concepts</title><p>Main concepts. Neurological disorders represent an important aspect of extraintestinal inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) manifestations. According to publications, the incidence of psycho-neurological syndromes varies from 0.25% to 47.50% that apparently depends on the patient’s selection in studies. Neurological signs are not always associated with IBD activity and may precede the manifestation of intestinal inflammation. The most typical include cerebral thromboembolism, peripheral and cranial neuropathies, demyelinating disorders, and cerebral vasculitis. The incidence of ischemic stroke in IBD can reach 6.4%, with approx. 20% of affected persons under 17 y.o. Hemiparesis is the predominant consequence. The risk of intracranial venous thrombosis is increased depending on the activity of intestinal inflammation; this complication can precede manifestation of IBD. Fifty per cent increased risk of multiple sclerosis in IBD patients was shown. The types of peripheral nerves involvement include mononeuropathy, plexopathy, multiple mononeuropathy, compression neuropathy, polyneuropathy and cranial neuropathy. Peripheral neuropathy may be found in 32–37% of IBD patients with a special examination. Demyelinating type, sensory axonal polyneuropathy with thin and thick fibers damage, and motor axonal polyneuropathy with thick fibers damage are observed approximately in equal proportions. It is important to differentiate ‘primary’ neuropathy with vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient, alcoholic, diabetic and drug-induced neuropathy. Clinical improvement is usually seen in the course of immunosuppressive therapy. Cranial neuropathy (mostly of II, VI, VII, VIII of cranial nerves) is described in IBD. Neurological disorders associated with administration of metronidazole, sulfasalazine, cyclosporin A, antibodies to TNF-α and integrins α4 and α4ß7 continue to be highly actual.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. There is a variety of neurologic syndromes in IBD which represents an important part of extraintestinal manifestations. Mild psychoneurological disorders may be not recognized in time. The majority of symptoms and signs may regress in the course of treatment of IBD and nutrients deficiency correction. The special attention should be paid to neurological status control while the biologic and immunosuppressor agents and metronidazole are administered.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воспалительные заболевания кишечника</kwd><kwd>демиелинизирующие заболевания</kwd><kwd>полиневропатия</kwd><kwd>краниальная невропатия</kwd><kwd>лекарственная токсичность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inflammatory bowel disease</kwd><kwd>demyelinating disease</kwd><kwd>polyneuropathy</kwd><kwd>cranial neuropathy</kwd><kwd>drug toxicity</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baumgart D.C, Carding S.R. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet. 2007; 369 (9573): 1627–1640. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(07)60750–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baumgart D.C, Carding S.R. Inflammatory bowel disease: cause and immunobiology. Lancet. 2007; 369 (9573): 1627–1640. DOI: 10.1016/S0140–6736(07)60750–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gajendran M., Loganathan P., Catinella A.P., Hashash J.G. A comprehensive review and update on Crohn's disease. Dis Mon. 2018 64 (2): 20–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.07.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gajendran M., Loganathan P., Catinella A.P., Hashash J.G. A comprehensive review and update on Crohn's disease. Dis Mon. 2018 64 (2): 20–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.07.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В. Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Халиф И.Л., Белоусова Е.А., Шифрин О. С., Абдулганиева Д. И., Абдулхаков Р. А., Алексеева О.П., Алексеенко С. А., Ачкасов С. И., Барановский А.Ю., Болихов К.В., Валуйских Е.Ю., Варданян А.В., Веселов А.В., Веселов В.В., Головенко А.О., Головенко О.В., Григорьев Е.Г., Губонина И.В., Жигалова Т.Н., Кашников В.Н., Кизова Е.А., Князев О.В., Костенко Н.В., Куляпин А.В., Морозова Н.А., Муравьев А. В., Низов А. А., Никитина Н. В., Николаева Н.Н., Никулина Н. В., Одинцова А.Х., Осипенко М.Ф., Павленко В.В., Парфенов А.И., Полуэктова Е.А., Потапов А.С., Румянцев В.Г., Светлова И.О., Ситкин С.И., Тимербулатов В.М., Ткачев А.В., Ткаченко Е.И., Фролов С.А., Хубезов Д.А., Чашкова Е.Ю., Шапина М.В., Щукина О.Б., Яковлев А.А. Клинические рекомендации российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации и ассоциации колопроктологов России по диагностике и лечению болезни Крона. Колопроктология. 2017; (2): 7–29</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, ShelyginYuA, Khalif IL, BelousovaEA, Shifrin OS, Abdulganieva DI, Alekseeva OP, Alekseenko SA, Achkasov SI, Baranovsky AYu, Bolikhov KV, Valuiskikh EYu, Vardanyan AV, Veselov AV, Veselov VV, Golovenko AO, Golovenko OV, Gubonina IV, Zhigalova TN, Kashnikov VN, Knyazev OV, Kostenko NV, Kulyapin AV, Morozova NA, Muravev AV, Nizov AA, Nikitina NV, Nikolaeva NN, Osipenko MF, Pavlenko VV, Parfenov AI, Poluektova EA, Potapov AS, Rumyantsev VG, Svetlova IO, Sitkin SI, Timerbulatov VM, Tkachev AV, Tkachenko EV, Frolov SA, Chashkova EYu, Shapina MV, Shchukina OB, Yakovlev AA. Clinical guide of Russian association of gastroenterology and Russian Association of coloproctology on diagnostics and treatment of Crohn’s disease. Koloproktologia. 2017; 2 (60): 7–29 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33878/2073–7556–2017–0–2–7–29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин В. Т., Шелыгин Ю.А., Халиф И.Л., Белоусова Е.А., Шифрин О. С., Абдулганиева Д.И., Абдулхаков Р.А., Алексеева О.П., Алексеенко С.А., Ачкасов С.И., Барановский А.Ю., Болихов К.В., Валуйских Е.Ю., Варданян А.В., Веселов А.В., Веселов В.В., Головенко А.О., Головенко О.В., Григорьев Е.Г., Губонина И.В., Жигалова Т.Н., Кашников В.Н., Кизова Е.А., Князев О.В., Костенко Н.В., Куляпин А.В., Морозова Н.А., Муравьев А. В., Низов А. А., Никитина Н. В., Николаева Н.Н., Никулина Н. В., Одинцова А.Х., Осипенко М.Ф., Павленко В.В., Парфенов А.И., Полуэктова Е.А., Потапов А.С., Румянцев В.Г., Светлова И.О., Ситкин С.И., Тимербулатов В.М., Ткачев А.В., Ткаченко Е.И., Фролов С.А., Хубезов Д.А., Чашкова Е.Ю., Шапина М.В., Щукина О.Б., Яковлев А.А. Клинические рекомендации российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации и ассоциации колопроктологов России по диагностике и лечению язвенного колита. Колопроктология. 2017, № 1 (59): 6–30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, ShelyginYuA, Khalif IL, BelousovaEA, Shifrin OS, Abdulganieva DI, Abdulkhakov RA, Alekseeva OP, Alekseenko SA, Achkasov SI, Baranovsky AYu, Bolikhov KV, Valuiskikh EYu, Vardanyan AV, Veselov AV, Veselov VV, Golovenko AO, Golovenko OV, Gridoryev EG, Gubonina IV, Zhigalova TN, Kashnikov VN, Kizova EA, Knyazev OV, Kostenko NV, Kulyapin AV, Morozova NA, Muravev AV, Nizov AA, Nikitina NV, Nikolaeva NN, Nikulina NV, Odintsova Akh, Osipenko MF, Pavlenko VV, Parfenov AI, Poluektova EA, Potapov AS, Rumyantsev VG, Svetlova IO, Sitkin SI, Timerbulatov VM, Tkachev AV, Tkachenko EV, Frolov SA, Khubezov DA, Chashkova EYu, Shapina MV, Shchukina OB, Yakovlev AA. Clinical guide of Russian association of gastroenterology and Russian Association of coloproctology on diagnostics and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Koloproktologia. 2017; 1 (59): 6–30 (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cosnes J., Gower-Rousseau C., Seksik P., Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140: 1785–94. DOI: 10.1053/j. gastro.2011.01.055.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cosnes J., Gower-Rousseau C., Seksik P., Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011; 140: 1785–94. DOI: 10.1053/j. gastro.2011.01.055.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gebhart G.F. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2000; 278: 6, G834–G838.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gebhart G.F. Visceral afferent contributions to the pathobiology of visceral pain. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2000; 278: 6, G834–G838.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veloso F.T. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: do they influence treatment and outcome? World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17 (22): 2702–7. DOI: 10.3748/wjg. v17.i22.2702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veloso F.T. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: do they influence treatment and outcome? World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17 (22): 2702–7. DOI: 10.3748/wjg. v17.i22.2702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Plata-Bello J., Acosta-López S. Neurological Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 2018. In book: New Concepts in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.73017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Plata-Bello J., Acosta-López S. Neurological Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. 2018. In book: New Concepts in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. DOI: 10.5772/ intechopen.73017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zois C.D., Katsanos K.H., Kosmidou M., Tsianos E.V. Neurologic manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases: Current knowledge and novel insights Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. 2010; 4: 115–124. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2009.10.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zois C.D., Katsanos K.H., Kosmidou M., Tsianos E.V. Neurologic manifestations in inflammatory bowel diseases: Current knowledge and novel insights Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. 2010; 4: 115–124. DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2009.10.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elsehety A., Bertorini T.E. Neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications of Crohn's disease. South Med J. 1997; 90 (6): 606–610. DOI: 10.1097/00007611–199706000–00005. e-mail: medalfavit@mail.ru Медицинский алфавит №3/2021. Неврология и психиатрия (1) 41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elsehety A., Bertorini T.E. Neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications of Crohn's disease. South Med J. 1997; 90 (6): 606–610. DOI: 10.1097/00007611–199706000–00005. e-mail: medalfavit@mail.ru Медицинский алфавит №3/2021. Неврология и психиатрия (1) 41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenstein A.J., Janowitz H.D., Sachar D.B. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1976; 55 (5): 401–412. DOI: 10.1097/00005792–197609000–00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenstein A.J., Janowitz H.D., Sachar D.B. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1976; 55 (5): 401–412. DOI: 10.1097/00005792–197609000–00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rankin G.B., Watts H.D., Melnyk C.S., Kelley M.L. Jr. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: extraintestinal manifestations and perianal complications. Gastroenterology. 1979; 77 (4 Pt 2): 914–920.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rankin G.B., Watts H.D., Melnyk C.S., Kelley M.L. Jr. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: extraintestinal manifestations and perianal complications. Gastroenterology. 1979; 77 (4 Pt 2): 914–920.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lossos A., River Y., Eliakim A., Steiner I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology. 1995; 45 (3 Pt 1): 416–421. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.416.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lossos A., River Y., Eliakim A., Steiner I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology. 1995; 45 (3 Pt 1): 416–421. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.416.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourikas L.A., Papadakis K.A. Musculoskeletal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15: 1915–1924. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20942.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourikas L.A., Papadakis K.A. Musculoskeletal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15: 1915–1924. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20942.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016; S0016–5085(16)00223–7. DOI: 10.1053/j. gastro.2016.02.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drossman D.A. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: History, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features and Rome IV. Gastroenterology. 2016; S0016–5085(16)00223–7. DOI: 10.1053/j. gastro.2016.02.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halpin S.J., Ford A.C. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107 (10): 1474–1482. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halpin S.J., Ford A.C. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107 (10): 1474–1482. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceuleers H., Van Spaendonk H., Hanning N., Heirbaut J., Lambeir A.M., Joossens J., Augustyns K., De Man J.G., De Meester I., De Winter B.Y. Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Dec 21; 22 (47): 10275–10286. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceuleers H., Van Spaendonk H., Hanning N., Heirbaut J., Lambeir A.M., Joossens J., Augustyns K., De Man J.G., De Meester I., De Winter B.Y. Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Dec 21; 22 (47): 10275–10286. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshida H., Granger D.N. Inflammatory bowel disease: a paradigm for the link between coagulation and inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15 (8): 1245–1255. DOI: 10.1002/ ibd.20896.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshida H., Granger D.N. Inflammatory bowel disease: a paradigm for the link between coagulation and inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15 (8): 1245–1255. DOI: 10.1002/ ibd.20896.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zezos P., Kouklakis G., Saibil F. Inflammatory bowel disease and thromboembolism. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (38): 13863–13878. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13863.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zezos P., Kouklakis G., Saibil F. Inflammatory bowel disease and thromboembolism. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (38): 13863–13878. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13863.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsanos A.H., Kosmidou M., Giannopoulos S. Cerebral arterial infarction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2014; 25 (1): 37–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.702.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsanos A.H., Kosmidou M., Giannopoulos S. Cerebral arterial infarction in inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2014; 25 (1): 37–44. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.08.702.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zanoli L, Boutouyrie P, Fatuzzo P, Granata A, Lentini P, Oztürk K, Cappello M, Theocharidou E, Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A, Cammà C, Licata A, Blanco J, Rastelli S, Inserra G, Castellino P, Laurent S. Inflammation and Aortic Stiffness: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (10): e007003. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zanoli L, Boutouyrie P, Fatuzzo P, Granata A, Lentini P, Oztürk K, Cappello M, Theocharidou E, Tuttolomondo A, Pinto A, Cammà C, Licata A, Blanco J, Rastelli S, Inserra G, Castellino P, Laurent S. Inflammation and Aortic Stiffness: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (10): e007003. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.007003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Biondi RB, Salmazo PS, Bazan SGZ, Hueb JC, de Paiva SAR, Sassaki LY. Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 107–113. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S243478.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biondi RB, Salmazo PS, Bazan SGZ, Hueb JC, de Paiva SAR, Sassaki LY. Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2020; 13: 107–113. DOI: 10.2147/CEG.S243478.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang W.S., Tseng C.H., Chen P.C., Tsai C.H., Lin C.L., Sung F.C., Kao C.H. Inflammatory bowel diseases increase future ischemic stroke risk: a Taiwanese population-based retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2014; 25 (6): 561–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.05.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang W.S., Tseng C.H., Chen P.C., Tsai C.H., Lin C.L., Sung F.C., Kao C.H. Inflammatory bowel diseases increase future ischemic stroke risk: a Taiwanese population-based retrospective cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2014; 25 (6): 561–5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2014.05.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kristensen S.L., Ahlehoff O., Lindhardsen J. Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death – a Danish nationwide cohort study [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2013; 8 (4). DOI: 10.1371/annotation/b4a49855–87b9–436a-a4bd-bc64b50a6c93]. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (2): e56944. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056944.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kristensen S.L., Ahlehoff O., Lindhardsen J. Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease is associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and cardiovascular death – a Danish nationwide cohort study [published correction appears in PLoS One. 2013; 8 (4). DOI: 10.1371/annotation/b4a49855–87b9–436a-a4bd-bc64b50a6c93]. PLoS One. 2013; 8 (2): e56944. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056944.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathew S., Ravikanth R. Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Christmed Journal of Health and Research. 2018; 5 (1): 54–56. DOI: 10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_53_17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathew S., Ravikanth R. Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel disease. Christmed Journal of Health and Research. 2018; 5 (1): 54–56. DOI: 10.4103/cjhr.cjhr_53_17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Umit H., Asil T., Celik Y., Tezel A., Dokmeci G., Tuncbilek N., Utku U., Soylu A.R. Cerebral sinus thrombosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 14; 11 (34): 5404–7. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i34.5404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Umit H., Asil T., Celik Y., Tezel A., Dokmeci G., Tuncbilek N., Utku U., Soylu A.R. Cerebral sinus thrombosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 Sep 14; 11 (34): 5404–7. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i34.5404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alkhawajah M.M., Caminero A.B., Freeman H.J., Oger J.J. Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases: what we know and what we would need to know! Mult Scler. 2013; 19 (3): 259–265. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512461393.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alkhawajah M.M., Caminero A.B., Freeman H.J., Oger J.J. Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases: what we know and what we would need to know! Mult Scler. 2013; 19 (3): 259–265. DOI: 10.1177/1352458512461393.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freeman H.J., Flak B. Demyelination-like syndrome in Crohn's disease after infliximab therapy. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005; 19 (5): 313–316. DOI: 10.1155/2005/358658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freeman H.J., Flak B. Demyelination-like syndrome in Crohn's disease after infliximab therapy. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005; 19 (5): 313–316. DOI: 10.1155/2005/358658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas C.W. Jr, Weinshenker B. G., Sandborn W. J. Demyelination during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy with infliximab for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004; 10 (1): 28–31. DOI: 10.1097/00054725–200401000–00004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas C.W. Jr, Weinshenker B. G., Sandborn W. J. Demyelination during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy with infliximab for Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004; 10 (1): 28–31. DOI: 10.1097/00054725–200401000–00004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed A., Loes D. J., Bressler E. L. Reversible magnetic resonance imaging findings in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurology. 1995; 45 (3 Pt 1): 588–589. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.588.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed A., Loes D. J., Bressler E. L. Reversible magnetic resonance imaging findings in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurology. 1995; 45 (3 Pt 1): 588–589. DOI: 10.1212/wnl.45.3.588.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebner F., Ranner G., Slavc I. MR findings in methotrexate-induced CNS abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989; 153 (6): 1283–1288. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.153.6.1283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebner F., Ranner G., Slavc I. MR findings in methotrexate-induced CNS abnormalities. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989; 153 (6): 1283–1288. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.153.6.1283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kosmidou M, Katsanos AH, Katsanos KH, Kyritsis AP, Tsivgoulis G, Christodoulou D, Giannopoulos S. Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2017; 264 (2): 254–259. DOI: 10.1007/s00415–016–8340–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kosmidou M, Katsanos AH, Katsanos KH, Kyritsis AP, Tsivgoulis G, Christodoulou D, Giannopoulos S. Multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol. 2017; 264 (2): 254–259. DOI: 10.1007/s00415–016–8340–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S, Kumar N, Loftus EV Jr, Kane SV. Neurologic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: increasing relevance in the era of biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19 (4): 864–872. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.2301.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S, Kumar N, Loftus EV Jr, Kane SV. Neurologic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: increasing relevance in the era of biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013; 19 (4): 864–872. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.2301.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gondim FA, Brannagan TH 3rd, Sander HW, Chin RL, Latov N. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Brain. 2005; 128 (Pt 4): 867–879. DOI: 10.1093/ brain/awh429.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gondim FA, Brannagan TH 3rd, Sander HW, Chin RL, Latov N. Peripheral neuropathy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Brain. 2005; 128 (Pt 4): 867–879. DOI: 10.1093/ brain/awh429.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Casella G, Tontini GE, Bassotti G. Neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (27): 8764–8782. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8764.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Casella G, Tontini GE, Bassotti G. Neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (27): 8764–8782. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8764.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gondim Fde A, de Oliveira GR, Teles BC. Clinical and Electrodiagnostic Findings in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015; 21 (9): 2123–2129. DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gondim Fde A, de Oliveira GR, Teles BC. Clinical and Electrodiagnostic Findings in Patients with Peripheral Neuropathy and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015; 21 (9): 2123–2129. DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000459.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полунина А.Г., Исаев Ф.В., Демьянова М.А. Стероидная миопатия. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2012; 112 (10): 60–64.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Полунина А.Г., Исаев Ф.В., Демьянова М.А. Стероидная миопатия. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2012; 112 (10): 60–64.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heuer DK, Gager WE, Reeser FH. Ischemic optic neuropathy associated with Crohn's disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1982; 2 (3): 175–181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heuer DK, Gager WE, Reeser FH. Ischemic optic neuropathy associated with Crohn's disease. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1982; 2 (3): 175–181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karajeh MA, Hadjivassiliou M, Hurlstone P, Grundman MJ. Neurological sequelae of Crohn's disease: opportunity to study common etiological pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004; 19 (9): 1093–1094. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440–1746.2004.03563.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karajeh MA, Hadjivassiliou M, Hurlstone P, Grundman MJ. Neurological sequelae of Crohn's disease: opportunity to study common etiological pathways. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004; 19 (9): 1093–1094. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440–1746.2004.03563.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker JC, Selva D, Pietris G, Crompton JL. Optic disc swelling in Crohn's disease [published correction appears in Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1999 Apr; 27 (2): 161]. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1998; 26 (4): 329–332. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442–9071.1998.tb01338.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker JC, Selva D, Pietris G, Crompton JL. Optic disc swelling in Crohn's disease [published correction appears in Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1999 Apr; 27 (2): 161]. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1998; 26 (4): 329–332. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442–9071.1998.tb01338.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van de Scheur MR, van der Waal RI, van Bodegraven AA, Völker-Dieben HJ, Starink TM, van der Waal I. Cheilitis granulomatosa and optic neuropathy as rare extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002; 34 (5): 557–559. DOI: 10.1097/00004836–200205000–00016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van de Scheur MR, van der Waal RI, van Bodegraven AA, Völker-Dieben HJ, Starink TM, van der Waal I. Cheilitis granulomatosa and optic neuropathy as rare extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002; 34 (5): 557–559. DOI: 10.1097/00004836–200205000–00016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Malik H, Green MR. Cerebral venous thrombosis as a complication of Crohn disease: a case report [published correction appears in J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001 Sep;33(3):428]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001; 32 (2): 209–211. DOI: 10.1097/00005176– 200102000–00023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Malik H, Green MR. Cerebral venous thrombosis as a complication of Crohn disease: a case report [published correction appears in J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001 Sep;33(3):428]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001; 32 (2): 209–211. DOI: 10.1097/00005176– 200102000–00023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mantzouranis G, Saridi M, Tsoumani N, Giagkou E, Zafeiropoulos P, Katsanos A, Skamnelos A, Bacasis A-D, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK. Eyes and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. EC Gastroenterology and Digestive System 5.6. 2018: 402–407.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mantzouranis G, Saridi M, Tsoumani N, Giagkou E, Zafeiropoulos P, Katsanos A, Skamnelos A, Bacasis A-D, Katsanos KH, Christodoulou DK. Eyes and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. EC Gastroenterology and Digestive System 5.6. 2018: 402–407.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kale N. Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. Eye Brain. 2016; 8: 195–202. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S54131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kale N. Optic neuritis as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. Eye Brain. 2016; 8: 195–202. DOI: 10.2147/EB.S54131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexandre B, Vandermeeren Y, Dewit O, Moreels T, de Boer N, Dhar A, Ziady C, Shitrit AB, Steinwurz F, Jojic N, Costantino G, Bihin B, Rahier JF, Katsanos KH; ECCO CONFER investigators. Optic Neuritis Associated or Not with TNF Antagonists in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 May; 10 (5): 541–8. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexandre B, Vandermeeren Y, Dewit O, Moreels T, de Boer N, Dhar A, Ziady C, Shitrit AB, Steinwurz F, Jojic N, Costantino G, Bihin B, Rahier JF, Katsanos KH; ECCO CONFER investigators. Optic Neuritis Associated or Not with TNF Antagonists in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 May; 10 (5): 541–8. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanders SK, Kawasaki A, Purvin VA. Long-term prognosis in patients with vasculopathic sixth nerve palsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002; 134 (1): 81–84. DOI: 10.1016/s0002–9394(02)01439–3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanders SK, Kawasaki A, Purvin VA. Long-term prognosis in patients with vasculopathic sixth nerve palsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002; 134 (1): 81–84. DOI: 10.1016/s0002–9394(02)01439–3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wengrower D, Koslowsky B, Peleg U, Mazuz B, Cohen L, Ben-David A, Gross M, Goldin E, Shaul C. Hearing Loss in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Jul; 61 (7): 2027–32. DOI: 10.1007/s10620–016–4074–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wengrower D, Koslowsky B, Peleg U, Mazuz B, Cohen L, Ben-David A, Gross M, Goldin E, Shaul C. Hearing Loss in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2016 Jul; 61 (7): 2027–32. DOI: 10.1007/s10620–016–4074–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karmody CS, Valdez TA, Desai U, Blevins NH. Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009; 30 (3): 166–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2008.04.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karmody CS, Valdez TA, Desai U, Blevins NH. Sensorineural hearing loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Otolaryngol. 2009; 30 (3): 166–170. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2008.04.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agrup C, Luxon LM. Immune-mediated inner-ear disorders in neuro-otology. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006; 19 (1): 26–32. DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000194143.02171.46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agrup C, Luxon LM. Immune-mediated inner-ear disorders in neuro-otology. Curr Opin Neurol. 2006; 19 (1): 26–32. DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000194143.02171.46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Das S, Bakshi SS, Seepana R. Demystifying autoimmune inner ear disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019; 276 (12): 3267–3274. DOI: 10.1007/s00405–019–05681–5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Das S, Bakshi SS, Seepana R. Demystifying autoimmune inner ear disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019; 276 (12): 3267–3274. DOI: 10.1007/s00405–019–05681–5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abe C, Inoue T. Role of C1 neurons in anti-inflammatory reflex: Mediation between afferents and efferents. Neurosci Res. 2018; 136: 6–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.05.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abe C, Inoue T. Role of C1 neurons in anti-inflammatory reflex: Mediation between afferents and efferents. Neurosci Res. 2018; 136: 6–12. DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.05.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front. Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 44. DOI: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2018.00044.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breit S, Kupferberg A, Rogler G, Hasler G. Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders. Front. Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 44. DOI: 10.3389/ fpsyt.2018.00044.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Granberg V, Ejskjaer N, Peakman M, Sundkvist G. Autoantibodies to Autonomic Nerves Associated with Cardiac and Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 1959–1964. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.8.1959.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Granberg V, Ejskjaer N, Peakman M, Sundkvist G. Autoantibodies to Autonomic Nerves Associated with Cardiac and Peripheral Autonomic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2005; 28: 1959–1964. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.8.1959.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindgren S, Stewenius J, Sjölund K, Lilja B, Sundkvist G. Autonomic vagal nerve dysfunction in patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993; 28 (7): 638–42. DOI: 10.3109/00365529309096103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindgren S, Stewenius J, Sjölund K, Lilja B, Sundkvist G. Autonomic vagal nerve dysfunction in patients with ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1993; 28 (7): 638–42. DOI: 10.3109/00365529309096103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindgren S, Lilja B, Rosén I, Sundkvist G. Disturbed autonomic nerve function in patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991; 26 (4): 361–6. DOI: 10.3109/00365529108996495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindgren S, Lilja B, Rosén I, Sundkvist G. Disturbed autonomic nerve function in patients with Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991; 26 (4): 361–6. DOI: 10.3109/00365529108996495.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Hoffmann D, Clarençon D, Mathieu N, Dantzer C, Vercueil L, Picq C, Trocmé C, Faure P, Cracowski JL, Pellissier S. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 28 (6): 948–53. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12792.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonaz B, Sinniger V, Hoffmann D, Clarençon D, Mathieu N, Dantzer C, Vercueil L, Picq C, Trocmé C, Faure P, Cracowski JL, Pellissier S. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation in Crohn's disease: a 6-month follow-up pilot study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 28 (6): 948–53. DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12792.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonaz B. Is-there a place for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory bowel diseases? Bioelectron Med. 2018; 4: 4. DOI: 10.1186/s42234–018–0004–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonaz B. Is-there a place for vagus nerve stimulation in inflammatory bowel diseases? Bioelectron Med. 2018; 4: 4. DOI: 10.1186/s42234–018–0004–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert GW, Menezes AH. Ankylosing spondylitis of the craniovertebral junction: a single surgeon's experience. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14 (4): 429–36. DOI: 10.3171/2010.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albert GW, Menezes AH. Ankylosing spondylitis of the craniovertebral junction: a single surgeon's experience. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14 (4): 429–36. DOI: 10.3171/2010.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blankenship LD, Basford JR, Strommen JA, Andersen RJ. Hypoglossal nerve palsy from cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: 3 case reports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 83 (2): 269–272. DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2002.29665.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blankenship LD, Basford JR, Strommen JA, Andersen RJ. Hypoglossal nerve palsy from cervical spine involvement in rheumatoid arthritis: 3 case reports. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 83 (2): 269–272. DOI: 10.1053/apmr.2002.29665.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ryken T, Menezes A. Inflammatory bowel disease and the craniocervical junction. Neurosurg Focus. 1999; 6 (6): e10. DOI: 10.3171/foc.1999.6.6.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ryken T, Menezes A. Inflammatory bowel disease and the craniocervical junction. Neurosurg Focus. 1999; 6 (6): e10. DOI: 10.3171/foc.1999.6.6.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association. Evidence-based consensus on opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease (republication). Intest Res. 2018 16 (2):178–193. DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.2.178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group, Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medical Association. Evidence-based consensus on opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease (republication). Intest Res. 2018 16 (2):178–193. DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.16.2.178.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Assimakopoulos SF, Stamouli V, Dimitropoulou D, Spiliopoulou A, Panos G, Anastassiou ED, Marangos M, Spiliopoulou I. Toxoplasma gondii meningoencephalitis without cerebral MRI findings in a patient with ulcerative colitis under immunosuppressive treatment. Infection. 2015; 43 (5): 589–593. DOI: 10.1007/s15010–015–0730–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assimakopoulos SF, Stamouli V, Dimitropoulou D, Spiliopoulou A, Panos G, Anastassiou ED, Marangos M, Spiliopoulou I. Toxoplasma gondii meningoencephalitis without cerebral MRI findings in a patient with ulcerative colitis under immunosuppressive treatment. Infection. 2015; 43 (5): 589–593. DOI: 10.1007/s15010–015–0730–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartynski WS, Grabb BC, Zeigler Z, Lin L, Andrews DF. Watershed imaging features and clinical vascular injury in cyclosporin A neurotoxicity. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997; 21: 872–880. DOI: 10.1097/00004728–199711000–00005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartynski WS, Grabb BC, Zeigler Z, Lin L, Andrews DF. Watershed imaging features and clinical vascular injury in cyclosporin A neurotoxicity. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997; 21: 872–880. DOI: 10.1097/00004728–199711000–00005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gijtenbeek JM, van den Bent MJ, Vecht CJ. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol. 1999; 246 (5): 339–46. DOI: 10.1007/s004150050360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gijtenbeek JM, van den Bent MJ, Vecht CJ. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity: a review. J Neurol. 1999; 246 (5): 339–46. DOI: 10.1007/s004150050360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serkova NJ, Christians U, Benet LZ. Biochemical mechanisms of cyclosporine neurotoxicity. Mol Interv. 2004; 4 (2): 97–107. DOI: 10.1124/mi.4.2.7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serkova NJ, Christians U, Benet LZ. Biochemical mechanisms of cyclosporine neurotoxicity. Mol Interv. 2004; 4 (2): 97–107. DOI: 10.1124/mi.4.2.7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartynski WS, Zeigler Z, Spearman MP, Lin L, Shadduck RK, Lister J. Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-A and FK 506 neurotoxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001; 22 (10): 1901–1914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bartynski WS, Zeigler Z, Spearman MP, Lin L, Shadduck RK, Lister J. Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-A and FK 506 neurotoxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001; 22 (10): 1901–1914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW. Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonism: by what mechanisms could tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists improve rheumatoid arthritis but exacerbate multiple sclerosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (9): 1977–1983. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131(200109)44:93.0.CO;2–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW. Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonism: by what mechanisms could tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists improve rheumatoid arthritis but exacerbate multiple sclerosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (9): 1977–1983. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131(200109)44:93.0.CO;2–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kaltsonoudis E, Voulgari PV, Konitsiotis S, Drosos AA. Demyelination and other neurological adverse events after anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13 (1): 54–58. DOI: 10.1016/j. autrev.2013.09.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaltsonoudis E, Voulgari PV, Konitsiotis S, Drosos AA. Demyelination and other neurological adverse events after anti-TNF therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2014; 13 (1): 54–58. DOI: 10.1016/j. autrev.2013.09.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadikolias K, Kouklakis G, Heliopoulos I, Argyropoulou P, Papanas N, Tzilonidou M, Prassopoulos P, Piperidou H. Acute paraplegia after the initiation of anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapy for Crohn's disease, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007; 19 (2): 159–162. DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000250589.45984.b4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadikolias K, Kouklakis G, Heliopoulos I, Argyropoulou P, Papanas N, Tzilonidou M, Prassopoulos P, Piperidou H. Acute paraplegia after the initiation of anti-tumour necrosis factor-α therapy for Crohn's disease, European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2007; 19 (2): 159–162. DOI: 10.1097/01.meg.0000250589.45984.b4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stübgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2008; 37 (3): 281–92. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20924.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stübgen JP. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2008; 37 (3): 281–92. DOI: 10.1002/mus.20924.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo B, Jeong YJ, Hong S, Kim Y-G, Lee Ch-K, Yoo B. A Case of Infliximab-induced Multifocal Motor Neuropathy in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Literature Review. J Rheum Dis.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo B, Jeong YJ, Hong S, Kim Y-G, Lee Ch-K, Yoo B. A Case of Infliximab-induced Multifocal Motor Neuropathy in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Literature Review. J Rheum Dis.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW. Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonism: by what mechanisms could tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists improve rheumatoid arthritis but exacerbate multiple sclerosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (9): 1977–1983. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson WH, Genovese MC, Moreland LW. Demyelinating and neurologic events reported in association with tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonism: by what mechanisms could tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists improve rheumatoid arthritis but exacerbate multiple sclerosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (9): 1977–1983. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senthilkumaran S, Shah S, Balamurugan N, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Metronidazole encephalopathy: Uncommon reaction to a common drug. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015; 5 (2): 123–124. DOI: 10.4103/2229–5151.158422.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senthilkumaran S, Shah S, Balamurugan N, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Metronidazole encephalopathy: Uncommon reaction to a common drug. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015; 5 (2): 123–124. DOI: 10.4103/2229–5151.158422.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarwal A, Kanekar S, Sabat S, Thamburaj K. Metronidazole-Induced Cerebellar Toxicity. Neurol Int. 2016; 8 (1): 6365. DOI: 10.4081/ni.2016.6365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarwal A, Kanekar S, Sabat S, Thamburaj K. Metronidazole-Induced Cerebellar Toxicity. Neurol Int. 2016; 8 (1): 6365. DOI: 10.4081/ni.2016.6365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim E, Na DG, Kim EY, Kim JH, Son KR, Chang KH. MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28 (9): 1652–1658. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim E, Na DG, Kim EY, Kim JH, Son KR, Chang KH. MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28 (9): 1652–1658. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (4): 362–368. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051586.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Assche G, Van Ranst M, Sciot R. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after natalizumab therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 (4): 362–368. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa051586.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, Oliverio PJ, Sandberg G, Crayton H, Richert JR, Siegel JN. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (12): 2862–9. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mohan N, Edwards ET, Cupps TR, Oliverio PJ, Sandberg G, Crayton H, Richert JR, Siegel JN. Demyelination occurring during anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha therapy for inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum. 2001; 44 (12): 2862–9. DOI: 10.1002/1529–0131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarwal A, Kanekar S, Sabat S, Thamburaj K. Metronidazole-Induced Cerebellar Toxicity. Neurol Int. 2016; 8 (1): 6365. DOI: 10.4081/ni.2016.6365. e-mail: medalfavit@mail.ru 42 Медицинский алфавит №3/2021. Неврология и психиатрия (1)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarwal A, Kanekar S, Sabat S, Thamburaj K. Metronidazole-Induced Cerebellar Toxicity. Neurol Int. 2016; 8 (1): 6365. DOI: 10.4081/ni.2016.6365. e-mail: medalfavit@mail.ru 42 Медицинский алфавит №3/2021. Неврология и психиатрия (1)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim E, Na DG, Kim EY, Kim JH, Son KR, Chang KH. MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28 (9): 1652–1658. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0655.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim E, Na DG, Kim EY, Kim JH, Son KR, Chang KH. MR imaging of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy: lesion distribution and diffusion-weighted imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007; 28 (9): 1652–1658. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A0655.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sy A, Khalidi N, Dehghan N, Barra L, Carette S, Cuthbertson D, Hoffman GS, Koening CL, Langford CA, McAlear C, Moreland L, Monach PA, Seo P, Specks U, Sreih A, Ytterberg SR, Van Assche G, Merkel PA, Pagnoux C; Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium (VCRC); Canadian Vasculitis Network (CanVasc). Vasculitis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A study of 32 patients and systematic review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016; 45 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.07.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sy A, Khalidi N, Dehghan N, Barra L, Carette S, Cuthbertson D, Hoffman GS, Koening CL, Langford CA, McAlear C, Moreland L, Monach PA, Seo P, Specks U, Sreih A, Ytterberg SR, Van Assche G, Merkel PA, Pagnoux C; Vasculitis Clinical Research Consortium (VCRC); Canadian Vasculitis Network (CanVasc). Vasculitis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A study of 32 patients and systematic review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2016; 45 (4): 475–82. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.07.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease. In: Ferro JM, Oliveira SN, Correia L. Neurologic manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases Handbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd series), 2014 Vol. 120 Part II, Chapter 40: 595–605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neurologic Aspects of Systemic Disease. In: Ferro JM, Oliveira SN, Correia L. Neurologic manifestations of inflammatory bowel diseases Handbook of Clinical Neurology (3rd series), 2014 Vol. 120 Part II, Chapter 40: 595–605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zikou AK, Kosmidou M, Astrakas LG, Tzarouchi LC, Tsianos E, Argyropoulou MI. Brain involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. Eur Radiol. 2014; 24 (10): 2499–506. DOI: 10.1007/ s00330–014–3242–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zikou AK, Kosmidou M, Astrakas LG, Tzarouchi LC, Tsianos E, Argyropoulou MI. Brain involvement in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging study. Eur Radiol. 2014; 24 (10): 2499–506. DOI: 10.1007/ s00330–014–3242–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fagan C, Phelan D. Severe convulsant hypomagnesaemia and short bowel syndrome. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2001; 29 (3): 281–283. DOI: 10.1177/0310057X0102900311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fagan C, Phelan D. Severe convulsant hypomagnesaemia and short bowel syndrome. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2001; 29 (3): 281–283. DOI: 10.1177/0310057X0102900311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Walker JR, Ediger JP, Graff LA, Greenfeld JM, Clara I, Lix L, Rawsthorne P, Miller N, Rogala L, McPhail CM, Bernstein CN. The Manitoba IBD cohort study: a population-based study of the prevalence of lifetime and 12-month anxiety and mood disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103 (8): 1989–97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2008.01980.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Walker JR, Ediger JP, Graff LA, Greenfeld JM, Clara I, Lix L, Rawsthorne P, Miller N, Rogala L, McPhail CM, Bernstein CN. The Manitoba IBD cohort study: a population-based study of the prevalence of lifetime and 12-month anxiety and mood disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103 (8): 1989–97. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572–0241.2008.01980.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi K, Chun J, Han K, Park S, Soh H, Kim J, Lee J, Lee HJ, Im JP, Kim JS. Risk of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. J Clin Med. 2019; 8 (5): 654. DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050654.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi K, Chun J, Han K, Park S, Soh H, Kim J, Lee J, Lee HJ, Im JP, Kim JS. Risk of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. J Clin Med. 2019; 8 (5): 654. DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050654.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15 (7): 1105–1118. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20873.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Graff LA, Walker JR, Bernstein CN. Depression and anxiety in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of comorbidity and management. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009; 15 (7): 1105–1118. DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20873.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eaton WW, Pedersen MG, Nielsen PR, Mortensen PB. Autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and non-affective psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2010; 12 (6): 638–646. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399– 5618.2010.00853.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eaton WW, Pedersen MG, Nielsen PR, Mortensen PB. Autoimmune diseases, bipolar disorder, and non-affective psychosis. Bipolar Disord. 2010; 12 (6): 638–646. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399– 5618.2010.00853.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halpin SJ, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107 (10): 1474–1482. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halpin SJ, Ford AC. Prevalence of symptoms meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012; 107 (10): 1474–1482. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.260.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY. Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22 (47): 10275–10286. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY. Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22 (47): 10275–10286. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
