<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2020-14-45-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-1589</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Неинвазивная оценка показателей миокардиальной работы левого желудочка у здоровых лиц при эхокардиографии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Non-invasive assessment of left ventricular myocardial work in healthy subjects with echocardiography</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алёхин</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekhin</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., профессор кафедры терапии, кардиологии и функциональной диагностики с курсом нефрологии; заведующий отделением функциональной диагностики</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический аспирант кафедры терапии, кардиологии и функциональной диагностики с курсом нефрологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический аспирант кафедры терапии, кардиологии и функциональной диагностики с курсом нефрологии</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации; ФГБУ «Центральная клиническая больница с поликлиникой» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation; Central Clinical Hospital of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ ДПО «Центральная государственная медицинская академия» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Department of the President of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>14</issue><issue-title>Современная функциональная диагностика (2)</issue-title><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Алёхин М.Н., Иванов С.И., Степанова А.И., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алёхин М.Н., Иванов С.И., Степанова А.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekhin M.N., Ivanov S.I., Stepanova A.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1589">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1589</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: оценить показатели миокардиальной работы левого желудочка (ЛЖ) с помощью методики построения кривых давление-деформация у здоровых лиц при эхокардиографии (ЭхоКГ).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование были включены 50 человек (возраст 44 ± 14 лет), из них 28 мужчин (56%). Критериями включения были отсутствие у пациентов сердечно-сосудистой патологии и сахарного диабета. Для расчета показателей миокардиальной работы оценивали глобальную продольную систолическую деформацию (ГПСД) с помощью методики speckle-tracking, также во время проведения ЭхоКГ измеряли артериальное давление (АД) сфигмоманометром в плечевой артерии. С помощью методики построения кривых давление-деформация рассчитывали индекс глобальной работы (GWI), глобальную конструктивную работу (GCW), глобальную потерянную работу (GWW), эффективность глобальной работы (GWE).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. GWI у мужчин имел следующие значения: минимальное — 1382 мм рт. ст. %, максимальное — 2875 мм рт. ст. %, среднее — 2056 ± 326 мм рт. ст. %; у женщин соответственно — 1821 мм рт. ст. %, 2589 мм рт. ст. % и 2109 ± 200 мм рт. ст. %. Средние значения GCW составили 2292 ± 329 мм рт. ст. % у мужчин и 2304 ± 211 мм рт. ст. % у женщин. Медиана и максимальное значение GWW у мужчин были 66 и 313 мм рт. ст. %, у женщин — 79,5 и 172 мм рт. ст. % соответственно. Минимальное значение GWE составило 89% у мужчин и 91% у женщин. GWI значимо и закономерно коррелировал только с показателями систолического АД (r = 0,30, р = 0,03) и ГПСД (r = -0,72, р &lt; 0,001). GCW тоже значимо коррелировала с систолическим АД (r = 0,36, р = 0,01) и ГПСД (r = -0,72, р &lt; 0,001), при этом с возрастом пациентов была найдена отрицательная связь (r = -0,27, р = 0,04). Показатели миокардиальной работы ЛЖ значимо не различались между мужчинами и женщинами. При исследовании воспроизводимости, коэффициенты вариации для GWI, GCW и GWE не превысили 10%, что характерно для хорошо воспроизводимых показателей.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. В исследовании представлены значения показателей миокардиальной работы ЛЖ, полученные с помощью методики построения кривых давление-деформация у здоровых лиц при эхокардиографии. Продемонстрирована закономерная корреляция показателей миокардиальной работы с деформацией и артериальным давлением, их зависимость от возраста исследуемых, а также хорошая воспроизводимость ряда показателей.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) echocardiographic indices of myocardial work using the LV pressure-strain loops method in healthy individuals.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study included 50 healthy subjects (28 men, mean age: 44 ± 14 years). The inclusion criteria were the absence of any cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. After calculating global longitudinal strain (GLS) from speckle-tracking Echo and inserting values of brachial artery cuff blood pressure (BP), the vendor-specific module constructed non-invasive LV pressure-strain loops. The following parameters were calculated: global myocardial work index (GWI), global constructive work (GCW), global wasted work (GWW), global work efficiency (GWE).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The lowest values of GWI in men and women were 1382 mmHg% and 1821 mmHg%, the highest values were 2875 mmHg% and 2589 mmHg%, mean values were 2056 ± 326 mmHg% and 2109 ± 200 mmHg%, respectively. Mean values of GCW were 2292 ± 329 mmHg% in men and 2304 ± 211 mmHg% in women. The median and the highest value of GWW were 66 mmHg% and 313 mmHg% in men and 79,5 mmHg% and 172 mmHg% in women, respectively. The lowest value of GWE were 89% in men and 91% in women. GWI was significantly and naturally correlated only with systolic BP (r = 0,30, р = 0,03) and GLS (r = -0,72, р &lt; 0,001). GCW was significantly correlated with systolic BP (r = 0,36, р = 0,01) and GLS (r = -0,72, р &lt; 0,001) too, however, the negative relationship with the age of the patients was found (r = -0,27, р = 0,04). LV myocardial work indices did not significantly differ between men and women. Coefficients of variation for GWI, GCW and GWE did not exceed 10%, which is typical for good reproducible indices.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The study presents values of the echocardiographic LV myocardial work indices, obtained with help of the LV pressure-strain loops method in healthy individuals. The natural correlation of LV myocardial work indices with strain and blood pressure was demonstrated, as well as a dependence on the age of the subjects and good reproducibility.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миокардиальная работа</kwd><kwd>здоровые лица</kwd><kwd>кривая давление-деформация</kwd><kwd>speckle-tracking</kwd><kwd>левый желудочек</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>myocardial work</kwd><kwd>healthy subjects</kwd><kwd>pressure-strain loop</kwd><kwd>speckle-tracking</kwd><kwd>left ventricle</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпман В. Л., Парин В. В. Физиология кровообращения. Физиология сердца. Л.: Наука, 1980. С. 280. [Karpman V. L., Parin V. V. Physiology of blood circulation. Heart physiology. L.: Nauka, 1980. p. 280.].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Карпман В. Л., Парин В. В. Физиология кровообращения. Физиология сердца. Л.: Наука, 1980. С. 280. [Karpman V. L., Parin V. V. Physiology of blood circulation. Heart physiology. L.: Nauka, 1980. p. 280.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинов Б. А., Сандриков В. А., Яковлев В. Ф. Оценка производительности и анализ поцикловой работы сердца. Л.: Наука, 1986. с. 140. [Konstantinov B. A., Sandrikov V. A., Yakovlev V. F. Evaluation of productivity and analysis of the cyclic work of the heart. L.: Nauka, 1986. p. 140.].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Константинов Б. А., Сандриков В. А., Яковлев В. Ф. Оценка производительности и анализ поцикловой работы сердца. Л.: Наука, 1986. с. 140. [Konstantinov B. A., Sandrikov V. A., Yakovlev V. F. Evaluation of productivity and analysis of the cyclic work of the heart. L.: Nauka, 1986. p. 140.].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delhaas T., Arts T., Prinzen F. W., Reneman R. S. Regional ﬁbre stress-ﬁbre strain area as an estimate of regional blood ﬂow and oxygen demand in the canine heart. J Physiol. 1994 Jun 15;477 (Pt 3):481–96. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delhaas T., Arts T., Prinzen F. W., Reneman R. S. Regional ﬁbre stress-ﬁbre strain area as an estimate of regional blood ﬂow and oxygen demand in the canine heart. J Physiol. 1994 Jun 15;477 (Pt 3):481–96. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1994.sp020209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urheim S., Rabben S. I., Skulstad H., Lyseggen E., Ihlen H., Smiseth O. A. Regional myocardial work by strain Doppler echocardiography and LV pressure: a new method for quantifying myocardial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 May;288(5):H2375–80. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00946.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urheim S., Rabben S. I., Skulstad H., Lyseggen E., Ihlen H., Smiseth O. A. Regional myocardial work by strain Doppler echocardiography and LV pressure: a new method for quantifying myocardial function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005 May;288(5):H2375–80. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00946.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rus s el l K., E ri ks en M., Aa b erge L., Wilhelmsen N., Skulstad H, Remme E. W. et al. A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure-strain loop area: a non-invasive index of myocardial work. Eur Heart J. 2012 Mar;33(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rus s el l K., E ri ks en M., Aa b erge L., Wilhelmsen N., Skulstad H, Remme E. W. et al. A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure-strain loop area: a non-invasive index of myocardial work. Eur Heart J. 2012 Mar;33(6):724-33. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boe E., Skulstad H., Smiseth O. A. Myocardial work by echocardiography: a novel method ready for clinical testing. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(1):18–20. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boe E., Skulstad H., Smiseth O. A. Myocardial work by echocardiography: a novel method ready for clinical testing. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(1):18–20. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey156.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galli E., Leclercq C., Fournet M., Hubert A., Bernard A., Smiseth O. A. et al. Value of Myocardial Work Estimation in the Prediction of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018 Feb;31(2):220–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.10.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galli E., Leclercq C., Fournet M., Hubert A., Bernard A., Smiseth O. A. et al. Value of Myocardial Work Estimation in the Prediction of Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018 Feb;31(2):220–230. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2017.10.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galli E., Leclercq C., Hubert A., Bernard A., Smiseth O. A., Mabo P. et al. Role of myocardial constructive work in the identification of responders to CRT. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Sep 1;19(9):1010-1018. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jex191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galli E., Leclercq C., Hubert A., Bernard A., Smiseth O. A., Mabo P. et al. Role of myocardial constructive work in the identification of responders to CRT. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018 Sep 1;19(9):1010-1018. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jex191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boe E., Russell K., Eek C., Eriksen M., Remme E. W., Smiseth O. A. et al. Noninvasive myocardial work index identifies acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation-acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Nov;16(11):1247–55. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev078.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boe E., Russell K., Eek C., Eriksen M., Remme E. W., Smiseth O. A. et al. Noninvasive myocardial work index identifies acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation-acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Nov;16(11):1247–55. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jev078.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Edwards NFA, Scalia G. M., Shiino K., Sabapathy S., Anderson B., Chamberlain R. et al. Global Myocardial Work Is Superior to Global Longitudinal Strain to Predict Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Normal Left Ventricular Function and Wall Motion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Aug;32(8):947-957. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.02.014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Edwards NFA, Scalia G. M., Shiino K., Sabapathy S., Anderson B., Chamberlain R. et al. Global Myocardial Work Is Superior to Global Longitudinal Strain to Predict Significant Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Normal Left Ventricular Function and Wall Motion. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Aug;32(8):947-957. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.02.014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan J., Edwards NFA, Khandheria B. K., Shiino K., Sabapathy S., Anderson B. et al. A new approach to assess myocardial work by non-invasive left ventricular pressure-strain relations in hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Jan 1;20(1):31–39. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan J., Edwards NFA, Khandheria B. K., Shiino K., Sabapathy S., Anderson B. et al. A new approach to assess myocardial work by non-invasive left ventricular pressure-strain relations in hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Jan 1;20(1):31–39. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Mahdiui M., van der Bijl P., Abou R., Ajmone Marsan N., Delgado V., Bax J. J. Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Efficiency in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Sep;32(9):1120–1127. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.05.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Mahdiui M., van der Bijl P., Abou R., Ajmone Marsan N., Delgado V., Bax J. J. Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Efficiency in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019 Sep;32(9):1120–1127. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.05.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galli E., Vitel E., Schnell F., Le Rolle V., Hubert A., Lederlin M. et al. Myocardial constructive work is impaired in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and predicts left ventricular fibrosis. Echocardiography. 2019 Jan;36(1):74–82. DOI: 10.1111/echo.14210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galli E., Vitel E., Schnell F., Le Rolle V., Hubert A., Lederlin M. et al. Myocardial constructive work is impaired in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and predicts left ventricular fibrosis. Echocardiography. 2019 Jan;36(1):74–82. DOI: 10.1111/echo.14210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manganaro R., Marchetta S., Dulgheru R., Ilardi F., Sugimoto T., Robinet S. et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal non-invasive myocardial work indices: results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 May 1;20(5):582–590. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manganaro R., Marchetta S., Dulgheru R., Ilardi F., Sugimoto T., Robinet S. et al. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal non-invasive myocardial work indices: results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 May 1;20(5):582–590. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jey188.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manganaro R., Marchetta S., Dulgheru R., Sugimoto T., Tsugu T., Ilardi F. et al. Correlation between non-invasive myocardial work indices and main parameters of systolic and diastolic function: results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug 13. pii: jez203. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez203.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manganaro R., Marchetta S., Dulgheru R., Sugimoto T., Tsugu T., Ilardi F. et al. Correlation between non-invasive myocardial work indices and main parameters of systolic and diastolic function: results from the EACVI NORRE study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug 13. pii: jez203. DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez203.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morbach C., Sahiti F., Tiffe T., Breunig M., Cejka V., Eichner F. et al. Myocardial work as a promising innovative echocardiographic tool — results from the STAAB cohort study. Clin Res Cardiol 108, Suppl. 1, April 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00392–019–1435–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morbach C., Sahiti F., Tiffe T., Breunig M., Cejka V., Eichner F. et al. Myocardial work as a promising innovative echocardiographic tool — results from the STAAB cohort study. Clin Res Cardiol 108, Suppl. 1, April 2019. DOI: 10.1007/s00392–019–1435–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Mahdiui M., van der Bijl P., Abou R., Ajmone Marsan N., Delgado V., Bax J. J. Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Efficiency in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(9):1120–1127. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2019.05.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Mahdiui M., van der Bijl P., Abou R., Ajmone Marsan N., Delgado V., Bax J. J. Global Left Ventricular Myocardial Work Efficiency in Healthy Individuals and Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(9):1120–1127. DOI:10.1016/j.echo.2019.05.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galli E., John-Matthwes B., Rousseau C., Schnell F., Leclercq C., Donal E. Echocardiographic reference ranges for myocardial work in healthy subjects: A preliminary study. Echocardiography. 2019;36(10):1814–1824. DOI:10.1111/echo.14494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galli E., John-Matthwes B., Rousseau C., Schnell F., Leclercq C., Donal E. Echocardiographic reference ranges for myocardial work in healthy subjects: A preliminary study. Echocardiography. 2019;36(10):1814–1824. DOI:10.1111/echo.14494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
