medalphabetМедицинский алфавитMedical alphabet2078-56312949-2807ООО «Альфмед»10.33667/2078-5631-2020-11-36-45medalphabet-1541Research ArticleСтатьиЛекарственные средства, прием которых ассоциирован с развитием лекарственно-индуцированной (медикаментозной) депрессииMedications associated with development of drug-induced depressionОстроумоваО. Д.OstroumovaO. D.

д. м. н., проф., зав. кафедрой терапии и полиморбидной патологии; проф. кафедры клинической фармакологии и пропедевтики внутренних болезней

г. Москва

Moscow

БатюкинаС. В.BatyukinaC. V.

ординатор II года кафедры терапии и полиморбидной патологии

г. Москва

Moscow

ЭбзееваЕ. Ю.EbzeevaE. Yu.

к. м. н., доцент, доцент кафедры терапии и полиморбидной патологии

г. Москва

Moscow

ШаталоваН. А.ShatalovaN. A.

ординатор II года кафедры терапии и полиморбидной патологии

г. Москва

Moscow

ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И. М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)» Минздрава РоссииРоссияRussian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Continuous Education; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian FederationФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияRussian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Continuous EducationRussian Federation202015072020111Неврология и психиатрия3645Copyright © Остроумова О.Д., Батюкина С.В., Эбзеева Е.Ю., Шаталова Н.А., 20202020Остроумова О.Д., Батюкина С.В., Эбзеева Е.Ю., Шаталова Н.А.Ostroumova O.D., Batyukina C.V., Ebzeeva E.Y., Shatalova N.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1541

Более 60 % всех депрессивных синдромов составляет реактивная депрессия, возникающая в ответ на внутренние и внешние воз- действия. Одним из вариантов реактивной депрессии является ле- карственно-индуцированная (медикаментозная) или ятрогенная депрессия, которая является возможным побочным эффектом ряда лекарственных средств (ЛС). Депрессогенный эффект описывают как у психотропных, так и у соматотропных ЛС. Де- прессии, возникающие при применении психотропных средств, чаще всего связаны с длительностью приема и большими дозами препарата. В ряду соматотропных препаратов, обладающих депрессогенным эффектом, чаще всего упоминаются некоторые антигипертензивные, антиаритмические, гиполипидемические ЛС, антибиотики, гормоны, противопаркинсонические, противоопухолевые ЛС. Лекарственно-индуцированные депрессии – одна из наиболее спорных проблем, в данной статье представлена систематизация имеющихся литературных данных о депрессии, ассоциированной с приемом различных ЛС.

More than 60 % of all depressive syndromes are reactive depression, which occurs in response to internal and external influences. One of the variants of reactive depression is drug-induced (drug-induced) or iatrogenic depression, which is a possible side effect of a number of medications. Depressogenic effect is described in both psychotropic and somatotropic drugs. Depressions that occur when using psychotropic drugs are most often associated with the duration of administration and large doses of the drug. Some antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic drugs, antibiotics, hormones, antiparkinsonian drugs and antineoplastic agents are most often mentioned in the series of somatotropic drugs that have a depressogenic effect. Drug-induced depression is one of the most controversial issues. this article presents a systematization of available literature data on depression associated with taking various drugs.

депрессиялекарственно-индуцированная депрессиянежелательные лекарственные реакцииdepressiondrug-induced depressionadverse drug reactionReferencesПсихические расстройства в клинической практике. / [А. Б. Смулевич и др.]; под ред. А. Б. Смулевича. – Москва: МЕДпресс-информ, 2011. – 719 с.: ил., табл.; 22 см.; ISBN 978–5–98322–756–9.Психические расстройства в клинической практике. / [А. Б. Смулевич и др.]; под ред. А. Б. Смулевича. – Москва: МЕДпресс-информ, 2011. – 719 с.: ил., табл.; 22 см.; ISBN 978–5–98322–756–9.Tisdale J.E., Miller D. A. Drug Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 3rd Ed. Bethesda, Md.: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2018; 1399 рр.Tisdale J.E., Miller D. A. Drug Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 3rd Ed. Bethesda, Md.: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2018; 1399 рр.Jones J.E., Hermann B. P., Barry J. J., Gilliam F. G., Kanner A. M., Meador K. J. Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2003; 4 (Suppl. 3): S 31-S 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.08.019.Jones J.E., Hermann B. P., Barry J. J., Gilliam F. G., Kanner A. M., Meador K. J. Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior. 2003; 4 (Suppl. 3): S 31-S 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.08.019.US Food and Drug Administration. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112440514US Food and Drug Administration. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881112440514Andersohn F, Schade R, Willich SN, Garbe E. Use of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior. Neurology. 2011; 75: 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ea157e.Andersohn F, Schade R, Willich SN, Garbe E. Use of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior. Neurology. 2011; 75: 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ea157e.Van Cott A. C., Cramer J. A., Copeland L. A., Zeber J. E., Steinman M. A., Dersh J. J., Glickman M. E., Mortensen E. M., Amuan M. E., Pugh M. J. Suicide-related behaviors in older patients with new anti-epileptic drug use: data from the VA hospital system. BMC Medicine. 2010; 8: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186 /1741–7015–8–4.Van Cott A. C., Cramer J. A., Copeland L. A., Zeber J. E., Steinman M. A., Dersh J. J., Glickman M. E., Mortensen E. M., Amuan M. E., Pugh M. J. Suicide-related behaviors in older patients with new anti-epileptic drug use: data from the VA hospital system. BMC Medicine. 2010; 8: 4. https://doi.org/10.1186 /1741–7015–8–4.Pugh M.J., Copeland L. A., Zeber J. E., Wang C. P., Amuan M. E., Mortensen E. M., Tabares J. V., Van Cott A. C., Cooper T. L., Cramer J. A. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy exposure and suicide-related behavior in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60 (11): 2042–2047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532–5415.2012.04207.x.Pugh M.J., Copeland L. A., Zeber J. E., Wang C. P., Amuan M. E., Mortensen E. M., Tabares J. V., Van Cott A. C., Cooper T. L., Cramer J. A. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy exposure and suicide-related behavior in older veterans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012; 60 (11): 2042–2047. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532–5415.2012.04207.x.Rissanen I., Jaaskelainen E., Isohanni M., Koponen H., Ansakorpi H., Miettunen J. Use of antiepileptic or benzodiazepine medication and suicidal ideation – The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Epilepsy Behav. 2015; 46: 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.001.Rissanen I., Jaaskelainen E., Isohanni M., Koponen H., Ansakorpi H., Miettunen J. Use of antiepileptic or benzodiazepine medication and suicidal ideation – The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Epilepsy Behav. 2015; 46: 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.03.001.Fountoulakis K.N., Gonda X., Baghai T. C., Baldwin D. S., Bauer M., Blier P., Gattaz W., Hasler G., Möller H. J., Tandon R., Vieta E., Kasper S. Report of the WPA section of pharmacopsychiatry on the relationship of antiepileptic drugs with suicidality in epilepsy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015; 19 (3): 158–167. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2014.1000930.Fountoulakis K.N., Gonda X., Baghai T. C., Baldwin D. S., Bauer M., Blier P., Gattaz W., Hasler G., Möller H. J., Tandon R., Vieta E., Kasper S. Report of the WPA section of pharmacopsychiatry on the relationship of antiepileptic drugs with suicidality in epilepsy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2015; 19 (3): 158–167. https://doi.org/10.3109/13651501.2014.1000930.Mula M., Kanner A. M., Schmitz B., Schachter S. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: an expert consensus statement from the Task Force on Therapeutic Strategies of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychobiology. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (1): 199–203. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528–1167.2012.03688.x.Mula M., Kanner A. M., Schmitz B., Schachter S. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: an expert consensus statement from the Task Force on Therapeutic Strategies of the ILAE Commission on Neuropsychobiology. Epilepsia. 2013; 54 (1): 199–203. DOI: 10.1111/j.1528–1167.2012.03688.x.Hall R.C., Zisook S. Paradoxical reactions to benodiazepines. Br I Clin Pharmacol. 1981; 11: 99s‑104s. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2125.1981.tb01844.x.Hall R.C., Zisook S. Paradoxical reactions to benodiazepines. Br I Clin Pharmacol. 1981; 11: 99s‑104s. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–2125.1981.tb01844.x.Tsai M.L., Huang C. N., Lai Y. R., Chang H. R., Chiou J. Y. The effect of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine prescriptions for diabetes mellitus type 2 in elderly Taiwanese with depressive symptoms. Psychogeriatrics. 2016; 16 (2): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12126.Tsai M.L., Huang C. N., Lai Y. R., Chang H. R., Chiou J. Y. The effect of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine prescriptions for diabetes mellitus type 2 in elderly Taiwanese with depressive symptoms. Psychogeriatrics. 2016; 16 (2): 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12126.Hamad T. Relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality: review and evaluation of clinical data. http: //www. fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/2004–4065bl‑10-TAB 08-Hammads-Review.pdf (accessed 2020 Apr 19).Hamad T. Relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality: review and evaluation of clinical data. http: //www. fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/04/briefing/2004–4065bl‑10-TAB 08-Hammads-Review.pdf (accessed 2020 Apr 19).Buggy Y., Cornelius V., Fogg C., Kasliwal R., Layton D., Shakir S. A. Neuropsychiatric events with varenicline: a modified prescription-event monitoring study in general practice in England. Drug Saf. 2013; 36 (7): 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264–013–0046–6.Buggy Y., Cornelius V., Fogg C., Kasliwal R., Layton D., Shakir S. A. Neuropsychiatric events with varenicline: a modified prescription-event monitoring study in general practice in England. Drug Saf. 2013; 36 (7): 521–531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264–013–0046–6.Harrison-Woolrych M., Ashton J. Psychiatric adverse events associated with varenicline: an intensive postmarketing prospective cohort study in New Zealand. Drug Saf. 2011; 34 (9): 763–772. https://doi.Harrison-Woolrych M., Ashton J. Psychiatric adverse events associated with varenicline: an intensive postmarketing prospective cohort study in New Zealand. Drug Saf. 2011; 34 (9): 763–772. https://doi.org/10.2165/11594450–000000000–00000. 16. Risch S.C., Cohen R. M., Janowsky D. S., Kalin N. H., Sitaram N., Gillin J. C., Murphy D. L. Physostigmine induction of depressive symptomatology in normal human subjects Psychiatry. Res. 1981; 4 (1): 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165–1781 (81)90012–3.org/10.2165/11594450–000000000–00000. 16. Risch S.C., Cohen R. M., Janowsky D. S., Kalin N. H., Sitaram N., Gillin J. C., Murphy D. L. Physostigmine induction of depressive symptomatology in normal human subjects Psychiatry. Res. 1981; 4 (1): 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165–1781 (81)90012–3.Xyrem Study Group. A 12-month, open-label, multicenter extension trial of orally administered sodium oxybate for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003; 26: 31–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.1.31.Xyrem Study Group. A 12-month, open-label, multicenter extension trial of orally administered sodium oxybate for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003; 26: 31–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/26.1.31.Kenney C., Hunter C., Mejia N., Jankovic J. Is history of depression a contraindication to treatment with tetrabenazine? Clin Neuro- pharmacol. 2006; 29: 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000228369.25593.35.Kenney C., Hunter C., Mejia N., Jankovic J. Is history of depression a contraindication to treatment with tetrabenazine? Clin Neuro- pharmacol. 2006; 29: 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.WNF.0000228369.25593.35.Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet. 1992; 339: 71–85.Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy: 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet. 1992; 339: 71–85.Shariff S., Cumming C. E., Lees A., Handman M., Cumming D. C. Mood disorder in women with early breast cancer taking tamoxifen, an estradiol receptor antagonist. An expected or unexpected effect? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995; 761: 365–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749–6632.1995.tb31394.x.Shariff S., Cumming C. E., Lees A., Handman M., Cumming D. C. Mood disorder in women with early breast cancer taking tamoxifen, an estradiol receptor antagonist. An expected or unexpected effect? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1995; 761: 365–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749–6632.1995.tb31394.x.Day R., Ganz P. A., Costantino J. P., Cronin W. M., Wickerham D. L., Fisher B. Health-related quality of life and tamoxifen in breast cancer prevention: a report from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P‑1 Study. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17 (9): 2659–2669. https://doi.org/0.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2659.Day R., Ganz P. A., Costantino J. P., Cronin W. M., Wickerham D. L., Fisher B. Health-related quality of life and tamoxifen in breast cancer prevention: a report from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P‑1 Study. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17 (9): 2659–2669. https://doi.org/0.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2659.Chang C.H., Chen S. J., Liu C. Y. Adjuvant treatments of breast cancer increase the risk of depressive disorders: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015; 182: 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.027.Chang C.H., Chen S. J., Liu C. Y. Adjuvant treatments of breast cancer increase the risk of depressive disorders: A population-based study. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2015; 182: 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.027.Rahimi-Ardabili B., Pourandarjani R., Habibollahi P., Mualelc A. Finasteride induced depression: a prospective study. BMC Chx Pharmacol. 2006; 6: 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472–6904–6–7.Rahimi-Ardabili B., Pourandarjani R., Habibollahi P., Mualelc A. Finasteride induced depression: a prospective study. BMC Chx Pharmacol. 2006; 6: 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472–6904–6–7.Irwig M. S. Depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts among former users of finasteride with persistent sexual side effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 73 (9): 1220–2223. https://doi.org/10.4088/Irwig M. S. Depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts among former users of finasteride with persistent sexual side effects. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 73 (9): 1220–2223. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m07887.JCP.12m07887.Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Acute adverse reactions to prednisone in relation to dosage. Clin Pharmacd Ther. 1972; 13: 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1972135part1694.Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Acute adverse reactions to prednisone in relation to dosage. Clin Pharmacd Ther. 1972; 13: 694–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt1972135part1694.Gift A.G., Wood R. M., Cahill C. A. Depression, somatization. and steroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Sirs Stud. 1989; 26: 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020–7489(89)90009–6.Gift A.G., Wood R. M., Cahill C. A. Depression, somatization. and steroid use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Sirs Stud. 1989; 26: 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020–7489(89)90009–6.Patten S.B., Williams J. V., Love E. J. Self-reported depressive symptoms in association with medication exposures among medical inpatients: a cross-sectional study. Can J Psychiatry. 1995; 40 (5): 264–269.Patten S.B., Williams J. V., Love E. J. Self-reported depressive symptoms in association with medication exposures among medical inpatients: a cross-sectional study. Can J Psychiatry. 1995; 40 (5): 264–269.Schaefer M., Schmidt F., Folwaczny C., Lorenz R., Martin G., Schindlbeck N., Heldwein W., Soyka M., Grunze H., Koenig A., Loeschke K. Adherence and mental side effects during hepatitis C treatment with interferon alfa and ribavirin in psychiatric risk groups. Hepatology. 2003; 37 (2): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50031.Schaefer M., Schmidt F., Folwaczny C., Lorenz R., Martin G., Schindlbeck N., Heldwein W., Soyka M., Grunze H., Koenig A., Loeschke K. Adherence and mental side effects during hepatitis C treatment with interferon alfa and ribavirin in psychiatric risk groups. Hepatology. 2003; 37 (2): 443–451. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50031.Maes M., Bonaccorso S., Marino V., Puzella A., Pasquini M., Biondi M., Artini M., Almerighi C., Meltzer H. Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFN alpha-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation. Mol Psychiatry. 2001; 6: 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000872.Maes M., Bonaccorso S., Marino V., Puzella A., Pasquini M., Biondi M., Artini M., Almerighi C., Meltzer H. Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN alpha) of hepatitis C patients induces lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity, which is related to IFN alpha-induced depressive and anxiety symptoms and immune activation. Mol Psychiatry. 2001; 6: 475–480. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000872.Quarantini L.C., Bressan R. A., Galvão A., Batista- Neves S., Paraná R., Miranda-Scippa A. Incidence of psychiatric side effects during pegylated interferon- a retreatenient in nonresponder hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Liver Int. 2007; 27: 1098–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478–3231.2007.01532.x.Quarantini L.C., Bressan R. A., Galvão A., Batista- Neves S., Paraná R., Miranda-Scippa A. Incidence of psychiatric side effects during pegylated interferon- a retreatenient in nonresponder hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Liver Int. 2007; 27: 1098–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478–3231.2007.01532.x.Lotrich F.E., Rabinovitz M., Gironda P., Pollock B. G. Depression following pegylated interferon- alpha: characteristics and vulnerability. J Psychosom Res. 2007; 63 (2): 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.05.013.Lotrich F.E., Rabinovitz M., Gironda P., Pollock B. G. Depression following pegylated interferon- alpha: characteristics and vulnerability. J Psychosom Res. 2007; 63 (2): 131–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.05.013.The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-lb in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1995; 45: 1277–1285.The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-lb in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1995; 45: 1277–1285.Neilley LK, Goodin DS, Goodkin DE, Hauser SL. Side effect profile of interferon beta‑1b in MS: results of an open label trial. Neurology. 1996; 46: 552–554. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.46.2.552.Neilley LK, Goodin DS, Goodkin DE, Hauser SL. Side effect profile of interferon beta‑1b in MS: results of an open label trial. Neurology. 1996; 46: 552–554. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.46.2.552.Feinstein A., O’Connor P., Feinstein K. Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-lb and depression: a prospective investigation. Neurol. 2002; 249: 815–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–002–0725–0.Feinstein A., O’Connor P., Feinstein K. Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-lb and depression: a prospective investigation. Neurol. 2002; 249: 815–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415–002–0725–0.Durelli L., Verdun E., Barbero P., Bergui M., Versino E., Ghezzi A., Montanari E., Zaffaroni M; Independent Comparison of Interferon (INCOMIN) Trial Study Group. Every-other-day interferon beta‑1b versus once-weekly interferon beta‑1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet. 2002; 359: 1453–1460. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0140–6736(02)08430–1.Durelli L., Verdun E., Barbero P., Bergui M., Versino E., Ghezzi A., Montanari E., Zaffaroni M; Independent Comparison of Interferon (INCOMIN) Trial Study Group. Every-other-day interferon beta‑1b versus once-weekly interferon beta‑1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet. 2002; 359: 1453–1460. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/s0140–6736(02)08430–1.Taylor K.L., Hadgkiss E. J., Jelinek G. A., Weiland T. J., Pereira N. G., Marck C. H., van der Meer D. M. Lifestyle factors, demographics, and medications associated with depression risk in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014; 14: 327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888–014–0327–3.Taylor K.L., Hadgkiss E. J., Jelinek G. A., Weiland T. J., Pereira N. G., Marck C. H., van der Meer D. M. Lifestyle factors, demographics, and medications associated with depression risk in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis. BMC Psychiatry. 2014; 14: 327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888–014–0327–3.Ertenli I., Ozer S., Kiraz S., Apras S. B., Akdogan A., Karadag O., Calguneri M., Kalyoncu U. Infliximab, a TNF-α antagonist treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the impact on depression, anxiety and quality of life level. Rheumatol Int. 2012; 32: 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296–010–1616-x.Ertenli I., Ozer S., Kiraz S., Apras S. B., Akdogan A., Karadag O., Calguneri M., Kalyoncu U. Infliximab, a TNF-α antagonist treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the impact on depression, anxiety and quality of life level. Rheumatol Int. 2012; 32: 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296–010–1616-x.Iglesias M., Barreiro de Acosta M., Vázquez I., Figueiras A., Nieto L., Lorenzo A., Domínguez-Muñoz J. E. Psychological impact of Crohn's disease on patients in remission: anxiety and depression risks. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2009; 101: 249–257. https://doi.org/1130–0108/2009/101/4/249–257.Iglesias M., Barreiro de Acosta M., Vázquez I., Figueiras A., Nieto L., Lorenzo A., Domínguez-Muñoz J. E. Psychological impact of Crohn's disease on patients in remission: anxiety and depression risks. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2009; 101: 249–257. https://doi.org/1130–0108/2009/101/4/249–257.Capuron L., Ravaud A., Dantzer R. Early depressive symptoms in cancer patients receiving interleukin 2 and/or interferon alfa‑2b therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 2143–2151. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.10.2143.Capuron L., Ravaud A., Dantzer R. Early depressive symptoms in cancer patients receiving interleukin 2 and/or interferon alfa‑2b therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18: 2143–2151. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2000.18.10.2143.Capuron L., Ravaud A., Gualde N., Bosmans E., Dantzer R., Maes M., Neveu P. J. Association between immune activation and early depressive symptoms in cancer patients treated with interleukin‑2-based therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001; 26 (8): 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306–4530(01)00030–0.Capuron L., Ravaud A., Gualde N., Bosmans E., Dantzer R., Maes M., Neveu P. J. Association between immune activation and early depressive symptoms in cancer patients treated with interleukin‑2-based therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2001; 26 (8): 797–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306–4530(01)00030–0.Yoffe G., Rice L., Alfrey C. P. Jr., Hattig R. A. Depressive reaction to vincristine overdose. Clin Lab Haematol. 1986; 8 (1): 80–81.Yoffe G., Rice L., Alfrey C. P. Jr., Hattig R. A. Depressive reaction to vincristine overdose. Clin Lab Haematol. 1986; 8 (1): 80–81.Hanson N., Leachman S. Safety issues in isotretinoin therapy. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;.20: 166–183. https://doi.org/10.1053/sder.2001.28209.Hanson N., Leachman S. Safety issues in isotretinoin therapy. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;.20: 166–183. https://doi.org/10.1053/sder.2001.28209.Wysowski D.K., Pitts M., Beitz J. An analysis of reports of depression and suicide in patients treated with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 45: 515–519. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117730.Wysowski D.K., Pitts M., Beitz J. An analysis of reports of depression and suicide in patients treated with isotretinoin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001; 45: 515–519. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117730.Azoulay L., Blais L., Koren G., LeLorier J., Bérard A. Isotretinoin and the risk of depression in patients with acne vulgaris: a case-crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69: 526–532. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0403.Azoulay L., Blais L., Koren G., LeLorier J., Bérard A. Isotretinoin and the risk of depression in patients with acne vulgaris: a case-crossover study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008; 69: 526–532. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0403.Jick S.S., Kremers H. M., Vasilakis-Scaramozza C. Isotretinoin use and risk of depression, psychotic symptoms, suicide, and attempted suicide. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 1231–1236. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.136.10.1231.Jick S.S., Kremers H. M., Vasilakis-Scaramozza C. Isotretinoin use and risk of depression, psychotic symptoms, suicide, and attempted suicide. Arch Dermatol. 2000; 136: 1231–1236. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.136.10.1231.Alzoubi K.H., Khabour O. F., Hassan R. E., Qarqaz F., Al-Azzam S., Mhaidat N. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of RARA gene on the adverse effects profile of isotretinoin-treated acne patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 51: 631–640. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP201874.Alzoubi K.H., Khabour O. F., Hassan R. E., Qarqaz F., Al-Azzam S., Mhaidat N. The effect of genetic polymorphisms of RARA gene on the adverse effects profile of isotretinoin-treated acne patients. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013; 51: 631–640. https://doi.org/10.5414/CP201874.Nevoralova Z., Dvorakova D. Mood changes, depression and suicide risk during isotretinoin treatment: a prospective study. Int J Dermatol. 2013; 52 (2): 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–4632.2011.05334.x.Nevoralova Z., Dvorakova D. Mood changes, depression and suicide risk during isotretinoin treatment: a prospective study. Int J Dermatol. 2013; 52 (2): 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365–4632.2011.05334.x.Sternbach H., State R. Antibiotics: neuropsychiatric effects and psychotropic interactions. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997; 5: 214–226. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709000304.Sternbach H., State R. Antibiotics: neuropsychiatric effects and psychotropic interactions. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997; 5: 214–226. https://doi.org/10.3109/10673229709000304.Gutiérrez F., García L., Padilla S., Alvarez D., Moreno S., Navarro G., Gómez-Sirvent J., Vidal F., Asensi V., Masiá M.; CoRIS. Risk of clinically significant depression in HIV-infected patients: effect of antiretroviral drugs. HIV Med. 2014; 15: 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12104.Gutiérrez F., García L., Padilla S., Alvarez D., Moreno S., Navarro G., Gómez-Sirvent J., Vidal F., Asensi V., Masiá M.; CoRIS. Risk of clinically significant depression in HIV-infected patients: effect of antiretroviral drugs. HIV Med. 2014; 15: 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12104.Clifford D.B., Evans S., Yang Y., Acosta E. P., Ribaudo H., Gulick R. M.; A5097s Study Team. Long-term impact of efavirenz on neuropsychological performance and symptoms in HIV-infected individuals (ACTG 5097s). HIV Clin Trials. 2009; 10: 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1310/hct1006–343.Clifford D.B., Evans S., Yang Y., Acosta E. P., Ribaudo H., Gulick R. M.; A5097s Study Team. Long-term impact of efavirenz on neuropsychological performance and symptoms in HIV-infected individuals (ACTG 5097s). HIV Clin Trials. 2009; 10: 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1310/hct1006–343.Wise M.E.J., Mistry K., Reid S. Neuropsychiatric complications of nevirapine treatment. BMJ. 2002; 324: 879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7342.879.Wise M.E.J., Mistry K., Reid S. Neuropsychiatric complications of nevirapine treatment. BMJ. 2002; 324: 879. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7342.879.Harry T.C., Matthews M., Salvary I. Indinavir use: associated reversible hair loss and mood disturbance. Int J STD AIDS. 2000; 11: 474–476. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462001916146.Harry T.C., Matthews M., Salvary I. Indinavir use: associated reversible hair loss and mood disturbance. Int J STD AIDS. 2000; 11: 474–476. https://doi.org/10.1258/0956462001916146.Thiessen B.Q., Wallace S. M., Blackburn J. L., Wilson T. W., Bergman U. Increased prescribing of antidepressants subsequent to beta-blocker therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150 (11): 2286–2290.Thiessen B.Q., Wallace S. M., Blackburn J. L., Wilson T. W., Bergman U. Increased prescribing of antidepressants subsequent to beta-blocker therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150 (11): 2286–2290.Hansteen V., Møinichen E., Lorentsen E., Andersen A., Strøm O., Søiland K., Dyrbekk D., Refsum A. M., Tromsdal A., Knudsen K., Eika C., Bakken J. Jr., Smith P., Hoff P. I. One year's treatment with propranolol after myocardial infarction: preliminary report of Norwegian multicentre trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 284 (6310): 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.284.6310.155.Hansteen V., Møinichen E., Lorentsen E., Andersen A., Strøm O., Søiland K., Dyrbekk D., Refsum A. M., Tromsdal A., Knudsen K., Eika C., Bakken J. Jr., Smith P., Hoff P. I. One year's treatment with propranolol after myocardial infarction: preliminary report of Norwegian multicentre trial. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982; 284 (6310): 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.284.6310.155.Pérez-Stable E.J., Halliday R., Gardiner P. S., Baron R. B., Hauck W. W., Acree M., Coates T. J. The effects of propranolol on cognitive function and quality of life: a randomized trial among patients with diastolic hypertension. Am J Med. 2000; 108 (5): 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002–9343 (00)00304.Pérez-Stable E.J., Halliday R., Gardiner P. S., Baron R. B., Hauck W. W., Acree M., Coates T. J. The effects of propranolol on cognitive function and quality of life: a randomized trial among patients with diastolic hypertension. Am J Med. 2000; 108 (5): 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002–9343 (00)00304.Julian D., Prescott R. J., Jackson F. S., Szekely P. Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1982; 1: 1142–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140–6736 (82)92225–5.Julian D., Prescott R. J., Jackson F. S., Szekely P. Controlled trial of sotalol for one year after myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1982; 1: 1142–1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140–6736 (82)92225–5.Packer M., Bristow M. R., Cohn J. N., Colucci W. S., Fowler M. B., Gilbert E. M., Shusterman N. H. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U. S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 (21): 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605233342101.Packer M., Bristow M. R., Cohn J. N., Colucci W. S., Fowler M. B., Gilbert E. M., Shusterman N. H. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U. S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 (21): 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199605233342101.Steffensmeier JJ1, Ernst ME, Kelly M, Hartz AJ. Do randomized controlled trials always trump case reports? A second look at propranolol and depression. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26 (2): 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.2.162.Steffensmeier JJ1, Ernst ME, Kelly M, Hartz AJ. Do randomized controlled trials always trump case reports? A second look at propranolol and depression. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26 (2): 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.26.2.162.Rogers D., Pies R. General medical with depression drugs associated. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008; 5 (12): 28–41.Rogers D., Pies R. General medical with depression drugs associated. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008; 5 (12): 28–41.Hullett F.J., Potkin S. G., Levy A. B., Ciasca R. Depression associated with nifedipine-induced calcium channel blockade. Am J Psychiatry. 1988; 145 (10): 1277–1279. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.10.1277Hullett F.J., Potkin S. G., Levy A. B., Ciasca R. Depression associated with nifedipine-induced calcium channel blockade. Am J Psychiatry. 1988; 145 (10): 1277–1279. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.10.1277Patalia A.H., Rathod N. R., Gandhi R. R., Gohel D. R., Oza Y. K. Depression-an adverse event with nifedipine. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002; 50: 1432–1434.Patalia A.H., Rathod N. R., Gandhi R. R., Gohel D. R., Oza Y. K. Depression-an adverse event with nifedipine. J Assoc Physicians India. 2002; 50: 1432–1434.Biriell C., McEwen J., Sanz E. Depression associated with diltiazem. BMJ. 1989; 299 (6702): 796. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6702.796.Biriell C., McEwen J., Sanz E. Depression associated with diltiazem. BMJ. 1989; 299 (6702): 796. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.299.6702.796.Dassylva B. Verapamil may cause depression. Can J Psychiatry. 1993; 38 (4): 299–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800420.Dassylva B. Verapamil may cause depression. Can J Psychiatry. 1993; 38 (4): 299–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800420.Lindberg G., Bingefors K., Ranstam J., Råstam L., Melander A. Use of calcium channel blockers and risk of suicide: ecological findings confirmed in population based cohort study. BMJ. 1998; 316 (7133): 741–745. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7133.741.Lindberg G., Bingefors K., Ranstam J., Råstam L., Melander A. Use of calcium channel blockers and risk of suicide: ecological findings confirmed in population based cohort study. BMJ. 1998; 316 (7133): 741–745. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7133.741.Dunn N.R., Freemantle S. N., Mann R. D. Cohort study on calcium channel blockers, other cardiovascular agents, and the prevalence of depression. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 48 (2): 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2125.1999.00982.x.Dunn N.R., Freemantle S. N., Mann R. D. Cohort study on calcium channel blockers, other cardiovascular agents, and the prevalence of depression. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999; 48 (2): 230–233. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365–2125.1999.00982.x.Hallas J. Evidence of depression provoked by cardiovascular medication: a prescription sequence symmetry analysis. Epidemiology. 1996; 7 (5): 478–484.Hallas J. Evidence of depression provoked by cardiovascular medication: a prescription sequence symmetry analysis. Epidemiology. 1996; 7 (5): 478–484.Ullrich H., Passenberg P., Agelink M. W. Episodes of depression with attempted suicide after taking valsartan with hydrochlorothiazide. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003; 128 (48): 2534–2536. https://doi.org/10.1055/s‑2003–44949.Ullrich H., Passenberg P., Agelink M. W. Episodes of depression with attempted suicide after taking valsartan with hydrochlorothiazide. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2003; 128 (48): 2534–2536. https://doi.org/10.1055/s‑2003–44949.Raftos J., Bauer G. E., Lewis R. G., Stokes G. S., Mitchell A. S., Young A. A., Maclachlan I., Chir B. Clonidine in the treatment of severe hypertension. Med J Aust. 1973; 1: 786–793. https://doi.Raftos J., Bauer G. E., Lewis R. G., Stokes G. S., Mitchell A. S., Young A. A., Maclachlan I., Chir B. Clonidine in the treatment of severe hypertension. Med J Aust. 1973; 1: 786–793. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326–5377.1973.tb110692.x.org/10.5694/j.1326–5377.1973.tb110692.x.Palinkas L.A., Wingard D. L., Barrett-Connor E. Chronic illness and depressive symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990; 43: 1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895–4356(90)90014-g.Palinkas L.A., Wingard D. L., Barrett-Connor E. Chronic illness and depressive symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990; 43: 1131–1141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895–4356(90)90014-g.Schleifer S.J., Slater W. R., Macari-Hinson M.M., Coyle D. A., Kahn M., Zucker H. D., Gorlin R. Digitalis and beta-blocking agents: effects on depression following myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1991; 121 (5): 1397–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002–8703 (91)90144–7.Schleifer S.J., Slater W. R., Macari-Hinson M.M., Coyle D. A., Kahn M., Zucker H. D., Gorlin R. Digitalis and beta-blocking agents: effects on depression following myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1991; 121 (5): 1397–1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002–8703 (91)90144–7.Holbrook J.T., Harik-Khan R. Montelukast and emotional well-being as a marker for depression: results from 3 randomized, double-masked clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122 (4): 828–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.012.Holbrook J.T., Harik-Khan R. Montelukast and emotional well-being as a marker for depression: results from 3 randomized, double-masked clinical trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122 (4): 828–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.07.012.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.