<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medalphabet</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинский алфавит</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical alphabet</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2078-5631</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-2807</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Альфмед»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33667/2078-5631-2019-3-22(397)-48-55</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medalphabet-1209</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сепсис и острое повреждение почек — дорога с двухсторонним движением: значения биомаркеров. Часть II</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Sepsis and acute kidney injury as two-way street: values of biomarkers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вельков</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Velkov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., директор по науке</p><p>г. Пущино, Московская область</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pushchino, Moscow Region</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «ДИАКОН»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>DIAKON Co.</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>22</issue><issue-title>Современная лаборатория</issue-title><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>55</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вельков В.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вельков В.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Velkov V.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1209">https://www.med-alphabet.com/jour/article/view/1209</self-uri><abstract><p>Краткий обзор, посвященный септическому острому повреждению почек (С-ОПП), синдрому, одновременно соответствующему критериям сепсиса и ОПП. Согласно статистике, у 30–50 % критических пациентов диагностируется или сепсис, или ОПП, при этом сепсис стимулирует развитие ОПП, а развитие ОПП — сепсис. Морбидность и летальность при С-ОПП выше, чем при сепсисе и ОПП по отдельности. Основные патофизиологические механизмы: а) развития ОПП при сепсисе: поступающая в почки «токсичная септическая» кровь содержит большое количество провоспалительных факторов, что повреждает канальцы и приводит к тубулярной дисфункции; б) развития сепсиса при ОПП: ОПП повреждает дистальные органы, а уремия — функции иммунной системы, что провоцирует развитие сепсиса. Для ранней диагностики и мониторинга С-ОПП должны проводиться параллельное измерение и мониторинг маркеров сепсиса и ренальной дисфункции. Однако, как показывают многочисленные данные, наличие ОПП приводит к неинфекционному повышению маркеров сепсиса, а наличие сепсиса повышает маркеры ОПП независимо от ренальной дисфункции. В целом при сепсисе ОПП и С-ОПП ренальные маркеры одновременно отражают как тяжесть ренальной дисфункции, так и тяжесть воспаления, а маркеры сепсиса — как тяжесть сепсиса, так и тяжесть ренальной дисфункции. Для определения пограничных уровней септических маркеров, применяемых для диагностики С-ОПП, необходимы рекомендации по повышению их значений в зависимости от степени тяжести ренальной дисфункции у критических пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The brief review, dedicated to Septic Acute Injury (S-AKI) — the syndrome simultaneously corresponding to criteria of sepsis and acute kidney Injury. Sepsis or AKI are diagnosed 30–50 % of critical patients. Sepsis is promoting the developing of AKI and AKI is promoting the development of sepsis. Morbidity and lethality in S-AKI is higher than that is sepsis and in AKI separately. The main mechanisms of the development of: a) AKI in sepsis — the toxic septic blood containing huge amounts of proinflammatory factors damage the renal tubules resulting tubular disfunction; b) sepsis in AKI — uremia is damaging distal organs and functions of immune systems which provoke sepsis development. For early diagnostics of S-AKI in patients admitting in critical care units the simultaneous measurements and monitoring of sepsis and kidney biomarkers are to be made. The problems of such measurements is that AKI decreases the clearance of septic markers and their levels are increasing in noninfectious conditions. From the other hand in septic conditions inflammation can increase the levels of renal markers independently of renal pathologies. In general in sepsis, AKI and in S-AKI the increased levels of sepsis markers reflect simultaneously severity of infectious inflammation and of renal disfunction, and kidney markers reflect simultaneously severity of renal disfunction and of infectious inflammation. The correction of cut-off values of septic markers used for S-AKI diagnostics must be based on the degree of severity of renal disfunction in critical patients.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>септическое острое повреждение почек</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>septic acute kidney injury</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stuveling EM, Hillege HL, Bakker SJ, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with renal function abnormalities in a non-diabetic population. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 654–661.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stuveling EM, Hillege HL, Bakker SJ, et al. C-reactive protein is associated with renal function abnormalities in a non-diabetic population. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 654–661.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pecoits-Filho R, Sylvestre LC, Stenvinkel P. Chronic kidney disease and inflammation in pediatric patients: from bench to playground. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 714–720.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pecoits-Filho R, Sylvestre LC, Stenvinkel P. Chronic kidney disease and inflammation in pediatric patients: from bench to playground. Pediatr Nephrol 2005; 20: 714–720.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rabb H, Griffin MD, McKay DB, et al. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus XIII Work Group: Inflammation in AKI: Current Understanding, Key Questions, and Knowledge Gaps. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rabb H, Griffin MD, McKay DB, et al. Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Consensus XIII Work Group: Inflammation in AKI: Current Understanding, Key Questions, and Knowledge Gaps. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vashist SK, Venkatesh AG, Marion Schneider E et al. Bioanalytical advances in assays for C-reactive protein Biotechnol Adv. 2016; 34 (3): 272–90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vashist SK, Venkatesh AG, Marion Schneider E et al. Bioanalytical advances in assays for C-reactive protein Biotechnol Adv. 2016; 34 (3): 272–90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Thiele,1 J. Zeller,1 H. Bannasch,1 et al. Targeting C-Reactive Protein in Inflammatory Disease by Preventing Conformational Changes. Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2015, Article ID 372432.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Thiele,1 J. Zeller,1 H. Bannasch,1 et al. Targeting C-Reactive Protein in Inflammatory Disease by Preventing Conformational Changes. Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2015, Article ID 372432.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sproston NR and Ashworth JJ. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. Front. Immunol. 2018 9: 754.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sproston NR and Ashworth JJ. Role of C-Reactive Protein at Sites of Inflammation and Infection. Front. Immunol. 2018 9: 754.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McFadyen JD, Kiefer J, Braig D, et al. Dissociation of C-Reactive Protein Localizes and Amplifies Inflammation: Evidence for a Direct Biological Role of C-Reactive Protein and Its Conformational Changes. Front. Immunol. 2018; 9: 1351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McFadyen JD, Kiefer J, Braig D, et al. Dissociation of C-Reactive Protein Localizes and Amplifies Inflammation: Evidence for a Direct Biological Role of C-Reactive Protein and Its Conformational Changes. Front. Immunol. 2018; 9: 1351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L, Li HY, Li W, et al. An ELISA Assay for Quantifying Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in Plasma. Front Immunol. 2018, 12; 9: 511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L, Li HY, Li W, et al. An ELISA Assay for Quantifying Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in Plasma. Front Immunol. 2018, 12; 9: 511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li ZI, Chung AC, Zhou L, et al. C-reactive protein promotes acute renal inflammation and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy in mice. Lab Invest. 2011; 91: 837–851.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li ZI, Chung AC, Zhou L, et al. C-reactive protein promotes acute renal inflammation and fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy in mice. Lab Invest. 2011; 91: 837–851.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pegues MA, McCrory MA, Zarjou A, et al. C-reactive protein exacerbates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Renal Physiol.2013, 304: F1358–F1365.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pegues MA, McCrory MA, Zarjou A, et al. C-reactive protein exacerbates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Renal Physiol.2013, 304: F1358–F1365.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jabs WJ, Lögering BA, Gerke P, et al. The kidney as a second site of human C-reactive protein formation in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2003; 33 (1): 152–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jabs WJ, Lögering BA, Gerke P, et al. The kidney as a second site of human C-reactive protein formation in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2003; 33 (1): 152–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lai W, Tang Y, Huang XR et al. C-reactive protein promotes acute kidney injury by impairing tubular epithelial cell regeneration via the CD 32-Smad3-p27 dependent inhibition of CDK2/cyclin E mechanism. Kidney Int. 2016 90 (3): 610–626.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lai W, Tang Y, Huang XR et al. C-reactive protein promotes acute kidney injury by impairing tubular epithelial cell regeneration via the CD 32-Smad3-p27 dependent inhibition of CDK2/cyclin E mechanism. Kidney Int. 2016 90 (3): 610–626.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schwedler SB, Guderian F, Dammrich J et al. Tubular staining of modified C-reactive protein in diabetic chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 2300–2307, 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schwedler SB, Guderian F, Dammrich J et al. Tubular staining of modified C-reactive protein in diabetic chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 2300–2307, 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilbert DN. Role of Procalcitonin in the Management of Infected Patients in the Intensive Care. Infect Dis Clin N Am 31, 2017; 435–453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilbert DN. Role of Procalcitonin in the Management of Infected Patients in the Intensive Care. Infect Dis Clin N Am 31, 2017; 435–453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meisner M, Schmidt J, Hüttner H et al. The natural elimination rate of procalcitonin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26 Suppl 2: 212-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meisner M, Schmidt J, Hüttner H et al. The natural elimination rate of procalcitonin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26 Suppl 2: 212-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dahaba AA, Rehak PH, List WF. Procacitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Inten Care Med 2003; 29: 579-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dahaba AA, Rehak PH, List WF. Procacitonin and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations in nonseptic uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Inten Care Med 2003; 29: 579-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Contou D, d’Ythurbide G, Messika J et al. Description and predictive factors of infection in patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to the critical care unit J infect, 2014; 68 (2): 105–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Contou D, d’Ythurbide G, Messika J et al. Description and predictive factors of infection in patients with chronic kidney disease admitted to the critical care unit J infect, 2014; 68 (2): 105–15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lu XL, Xiao ZH, Yang M et al. Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28: 122–129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lu XL, Xiao ZH, Yang M et al. Diagnostic value of serum procalcitonin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013; 28: 122–129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun Y, Jiang L, Shao X. Predictive value of procalcitonin for diagnosis of infections in patients with chronic kidney disease: a comparison with traditional inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and neutrophil pecentage Int Urol Nephrol. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017; 49 (12): 2205–2216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun Y, Jiang L, Shao X. Predictive value of procalcitonin for diagnosis of infections in patients with chronic kidney disease: a comparison with traditional inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and neutrophil pecentage Int Urol Nephrol. Int Urol Nephrol. 2017; 49 (12): 2205–2216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park JH, Kim DH, Jang HR et al. Clinical relevance of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as infection markers in renal impairment: a cross-sectional study. Critical Care 2014 18: 640.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park JH, Kim DH, Jang HR et al. Clinical relevance of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as infection markers in renal impairment: a cross-sectional study. Critical Care 2014 18: 640.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Sayed D, Grotts J, Golgert WA, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Procalcitonin in Predicting Bacterial Infections in Patients With Renal Impairment. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014; 21; 1 (2): ofu068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Sayed D, Grotts J, Golgert WA, et al. Sensitivity and Specificity of Procalcitonin in Predicting Bacterial Infections in Patients With Renal Impairment. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014; 21; 1 (2): ofu068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee WS, Kang DW, Back JH et al Cutoff value of serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic biomarker of infection in end-stage renal disease patients Korean J Intern Med. 2015; 30 (2): 198–204.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee WS, Kang DW, Back JH et al Cutoff value of serum procalcitonin as a diagnostic biomarker of infection in end-stage renal disease patients Korean J Intern Med. 2015; 30 (2): 198–204.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamura Y, Murai A, Mizunuma M, et al. Potential use of procalcitonin as biomarker for bacterial sepsis in patients with or without acute kidney injury. J Infect Chemother. 2015; 21 (4): 257–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamura Y, Murai A, Mizunuma M, et al. Potential use of procalcitonin as biomarker for bacterial sepsis in patients with or without acute kidney injury. J Infect Chemother. 2015; 21 (4): 257–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takahashi G, Shibata S, Fukui Y et al. Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and presepsin for infectious disease in patients with acute kidney injury. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016; 86 (2): 205–10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takahashi G, Shibata S, Fukui Y et al. Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and presepsin for infectious disease in patients with acute kidney injury. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016; 86 (2): 205–10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nie X, Wu B, He Y et al. Serum procalcitonin predicts development of acute kidney injury in patients with suspected infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51 (8): 1655–1661. Jeeha R, Skinner DL, De Vasconcellos K et al.,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nie X, Wu B, He Y et al. Serum procalcitonin predicts development of acute kidney injury in patients with suspected infection. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013; 51 (8): 1655–1661. Jeeha R, Skinner DL, De Vasconcellos K et al.,</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serum procalcitonin levels predict acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrology (Carlton), 2017 Oct 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serum procalcitonin levels predict acute kidney injury in critically ill patients. Nephrology (Carlton), 2017 Oct 2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ammori BJ, Becker KL, Kite P, et al. Calcitonin precursors: early markers of gut barrier dysfunction in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003; 27: 239–243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ammori BJ, Becker KL, Kite P, et al. Calcitonin precursors: early markers of gut barrier dysfunction in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2003; 27: 239–243.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang H-L, Nie X, Cai B, et al. Procalcitonin Levels Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Prognosis in Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Study. PLoS ONE, 2013 8 (12).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang H-L, Nie X, Cai B, et al. Procalcitonin Levels Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Prognosis in Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Study. PLoS ONE, 2013 8 (12).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurtul A, Murat SN, Yarlioglues M et al., Procalcitonin as an Early Predictor of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Angiology, 2015, 1–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurtul A, Murat SN, Yarlioglues M et al., Procalcitonin as an Early Predictor of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Angiology, 2015, 1–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heredia-Rodríguez M, Bustamante-Munguira J, Fierro I et al. Procalcitonin Cannot Be Used as a Biomarker of Infection in Heart-Surgery Patients with Acute Kidney Injury, J Crit Care. 2016; 33: 233–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heredia-Rodríguez M, Bustamante-Munguira J, Fierro I et al. Procalcitonin Cannot Be Used as a Biomarker of Infection in Heart-Surgery Patients with Acute Kidney Injury, J Crit Care. 2016; 33: 233–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Borderie D, Weiss N et al. Presepsin (sCD 14-ST), an innate immune response marker in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015; 450: 97–103.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chenevier-Gobeaux C, Borderie D, Weiss N et al. Presepsin (sCD 14-ST), an innate immune response marker in sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015; 450: 97–103.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y, Hou JH, Li Q, et al. Biomarkers for diagnosis of sepsis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Springerplus. 2016; 5 (1): 2091.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y, Hou JH, Li Q, et al. Biomarkers for diagnosis of sepsis in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Springerplus. 2016; 5 (1): 2091.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu CC, Lan HM, Han ST et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy in sepsis between presepsin, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis Ann Intensive Care. 2017; 6; 7 (1): 91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu CC, Lan HM, Han ST et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy in sepsis between presepsin, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein: a systematic review and meta-analysis Ann Intensive Care. 2017; 6; 7 (1): 91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang HS, Hur M, Yi A., et al. Prognostic value of presepsin in adult patients with sepsis: Systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One. 2018; 13 (1): e0191486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang HS, Hur M, Yi A., et al. Prognostic value of presepsin in adult patients with sepsis: Systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS One. 2018; 13 (1): e0191486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bellos I, Fitrou G, Pergialiotis V et al. The diagnostic accuracy of presepsin in neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2018; 177 (5): 625–632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bellos I, Fitrou G, Pergialiotis V et al. The diagnostic accuracy of presepsin in neonatal sepsis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Pediatr. 2018; 177 (5): 625–632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.presepsintets.ru, сайт в Интернете.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">www.presepsintets.ru, сайт в Интернете.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shozushima T, Takahashi G, Matsumoto N, et al. Usefulness of presepsin (sCD 14-ST) measurements as a marker for the diagnosis and severity of sepsis that satisfied diagnostic criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Infect Chemother. 2011; 17: 764–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shozushima T, Takahashi G, Matsumoto N, et al. Usefulness of presepsin (sCD 14-ST) measurements as a marker for the diagnosis and severity of sepsis that satisfied diagnostic criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Infect Chemother. 2011; 17: 764–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagata T, Yasuda Y, Ando M, et al. (2015) Clinical Impact of Kidney Function on Presepsin Levels. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6): e0129159.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagata T, Yasuda Y, Ando M, et al. (2015) Clinical Impact of Kidney Function on Presepsin Levels. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (6): e0129159.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakamura Y, Ishikura H, Nishida T et al. Usefulness of presepsin in the diagnosis of sepsis in patients with or without acute kidney injury. BMC Anesthesiology BMC Anesthesiol. 2014; Oct 4; 14: 88 14: 88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakamura Y, Ishikura H, Nishida T et al. Usefulness of presepsin in the diagnosis of sepsis in patients with or without acute kidney injury. BMC Anesthesiology BMC Anesthesiol. 2014; Oct 4; 14: 88 14: 88.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saito J, Hashiba E, Kushikata T et al. Changes in presepsin concentrations in surgical patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing living kidney transplantation: a pilot study. J Anesth. 2016; 30 (1): 174–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saito J, Hashiba E, Kushikata T et al. Changes in presepsin concentrations in surgical patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing living kidney transplantation: a pilot study. J Anesth. 2016; 30 (1): 174–7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference. J Hepatol 2014 Jun; 60 (6): 1310–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jalan R, Fernandez J, Wiest R, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: a position statement based on the EASL Special Conference. J Hepatol 2014 Jun; 60 (6): 1310–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elefsiniotis I, Tsakiris SA, Barla G et al., Presepsin levels in cirrhotic patients with bacterial infections and/or portal hypertension-related bleeding, presenting with or without acute kidney injury. Annals of Gastroenterology. 2018. 31, 1–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elefsiniotis I, Tsakiris SA, Barla G et al., Presepsin levels in cirrhotic patients with bacterial infections and/or portal hypertension-related bleeding, presenting with or without acute kidney injury. Annals of Gastroenterology. 2018. 31, 1–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
